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　 　 　 　 While carrying out manned space flight, korolev began its efforts to fly out of the earth. Of course, the moon closest to the earth is the first landing target for human beings to go into space. In order to land on the moon, at least three people need to take the same spaceship, so the size and weight of the spaceship are much larger than that of the Dongfang, which carried an astronaut before. In addition, the distance to land on the moon is much farther than that of orbiting the earth, so the thrust of the rocket must be much larger than that of the previous R-7. Korolev began to improve the R-7 in 1958. However, due to the political turmoil in the former Soviet Union, he was short of funds, and his work encountered many troubles. In 1959, Luna, the first spacecraft of the former Soviet Union to explore the moon, was supposed to touch the moon, but in the end it was 6,000 kilometers off the scheduled orbit. Fortunately, Lunar Exploration II was a success, becoming the first human aircraft to reach the moon, and korolev won the first place in the world for the former Soviet Union. The third ship went one step further. It sent back photos of the back of the moon.

Sergei korolev, the father of space flight in the former Soviet Union

　　　　　　　　According to korolev’s plan, it is a matter of time before the Soviet Union landed on the moon, and it should be before the Americans. In order to meet the needs of landing on the moon, korolev put forward a new design scheme and long-term planning for a large rocket, which is the famous N1 launch vehicle of the former Soviet Union. N1 also has two little brothers N2 and N3, whose size and thrust are gradually reduced, and the latter is used to carry intercontinental missiles. However, just after the design scheme of N1 was released, before it was implemented, the former Soviet Union was caught in a debate about whether to give priority to the development of intercontinental missiles or manned rockets. In December, 1959, after intense discussions among officials in charge and experts at all levels, the idea of giving priority to missile development prevailed. In this case, there is no need to build a super-large rocket like N1. Although korolev has also obtained some funds to continue to develop rockets for landing on the moon, the former Soviet Union’s moon landing plan has temporarily stalled.

　　　　　　　　At the same time, the White House ushered in a new owner, and the United States also entered their new era. The balance of the space race began to tilt in favor of the United States.

　　　　　　　　On January 20, 1961, snow covered Washington, the capital of the United States. The youngest president in American history, only 43-year-old John F. Kennedy, was sworn in in front of the White House. A few months ago, he defeated Nixon, the then vice president, in the general election, and the two men always could not avoid a controversial topic-how to defeat the Soviet Union in the Cold War. American efforts began with President Eisenhower, and Nixon, then vice president, did a lot of work. However, the youthful Kennedy was much more ambitious than his predecessor. In Kennedy’s famous inaugural speech, he put exploring the mysteries of interstellar space as the first priority in his scientific work, before conquering deserts and treating diseases. And he called on the United States and the Soviet Union to join hands in these fields. Only four months later, Kennedy put forward an ambitious space program-landing on the moon within ten years. This program was named after the sun god, which is the famous Apollo Program.

Von Braun is with President Kennedy.

　　　　　　　　The Apollo program is the largest plan for human beings to explore space and unknown areas, and the whole country in the United States has mobilized. Hundreds of universities, research institutions and companies, more than 20,000 scientists and 400,000 people directly and indirectly participated in this space program. The key to the Apollo program is the development of the rocket to the moon, and the popular candidate is von Braun. Therefore, when the project was about to begin, von Braun and his team transferred from the Army to NASA. Von Braun served as the director of Marshall Space Center, responsible for the development of rockets to the moon, the project code-named Saturn. Von Braun’s new job began in 1961, and he was fighting against his unknown opponent in the Soviet Union.

Von Braun, praised by NASA as the first person in the history of world space.

　　　　　　　　Compared with korolev, von Braun is much luckier. The United States is more secure in financial resources and manpower than the former Soviet Union, so Americans catch up quickly. In 1961, von Braun’s Saturn I rocket was successfully developed, which was the first large thrust rocket made in the United States. The thrust of the first stage rocket reached 6670 kn, exceeding the thrust of all R-7 engines. Generally speaking, Saturn-1 was very successful. It not only successfully put five spacecraft, including command module and service module, into Earth orbit in 1964-1965, but also sent some satellites related to the Apollo program and microwave survey ships between the Earth and the Moon (to prepare for the subsequent communication on the moon) to the scheduled orbit.

The three astronauts of Apollo 11 reunited in front of the lunar module that year.

　　　　　　　　NASA originally planned to use Saturn-1 to carry out four manned space flights in 1965-1966, but later it was found that the thrust of the rocket was slightly insufficient, so von Braun developed a Saturn-B rocket with stronger thrust in 1963. The thrust of its first-stage rocket was about 10% higher than that of Saturn-1, and the thrust of its second-stage rocket was more than doubled (890 kN to 400 kN). So far, the United States In addition to rocket technology, there are many cutting-edge technologies needed for landing on the moon. Let’s take a look at the preparations made by Americans on several key technologies.

　　　　　　　　The first is the technology of landing and leaving the moon.It is not easy for astronauts to land on the moon safely. On the earth, with the help of the atmosphere and the ocean, we can slow down the capsule that is about to land by parachute, and we can also land on the ocean in order to prevent the capsule from colliding with the ground. Unlike the earth, the moon has neither atmosphere nor ocean, so these methods of landing on the earth are not used on the moon. The only way is to slow down the lunar module with a reverse rocket, just like what we saw in the movie Star Wars and various science fiction films. But in reality, it is very difficult to do so, and the rocket jet speed and angle must be controlled very well.

　　　　　　　　Of course, astronauts are neither Chang ‘e nor WU GANG, so they can’t live on the moon for a long time, and they still need to leave the moon and return to Earth. At the beginning of the Apollo program, NASA proposed four return schemes.

　　　　　　　　The first plan is to take a big rocket with the lander, and the United States is the smallest.

　　　　　　　　The fourth scheme is to launch two rockets to the moon, one carrying the lunar module and the other carrying the rocket returning from the moon to the earth, and then assemble it on the moon. The disadvantage of this method is that if the trajectories of the two rockets deviate a little, the landing point of the lunar module and the returning rocket will be 180 kilometers or more, and the astronauts will not come back.

　　　　　　　　Most experts prefer the first scheme because it is simple. At that time, most experts were not sure about air docking. In fact, von Braun also supports this scheme, and has planned to design a Nova rocket (nova) larger than Saturn V to accomplish this mission. However, a scientist named John Houbolt (1919-) insisted that the total weight of lunar landing equipment should be as light as possible, and tried his best to convince most people, so experts including the Marshall Space Center led by von Braun accepted the third scheme. The Apollo program finally adopted this scheme and achieved success. American historians believe that it would not have been possible to land on the moon in the late 1960s if NASA had not finally adopted the opinions of a few people, although Americans were able to land on the moon in the end.

　　　　　　　　Of course, one of the difficulties of this plan is docking. For this reason, Apollo 9 conducted a docking test in orbit around the earth, and the test was successful. Only then did the Americans move on.

　　　　　　　　Secondly, the technology of the moon landing spacecraft..Spacecraft landing on the moon include Command and Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM). As shown in the figure below:

The three parts of Apollo 11, from left to right, are the service module, the command module and the lunar module.

　　　　　　　　The command module is the shelter for astronauts on their way back and forth. It is not only to send astronauts from the earth to the moon orbit, but also to return them, and it is also the only part that re-enters the atmosphere to send astronauts to the surface, so it has been tested the most in the Apollo program. This module is about three and a half meters in diameter, nearly four meters high and weighs 5.5 tons. The service module (SM) is connected with the command module (CM, sometimes called the space module in the news), and its diameter is similar to that of the command module, but its length is seven meters. It transports all kinds of materials needed for landing on the moon, including liquid fuel and various equipment, weighing 24 tons. The service module is connected to the command module and flies to the moon together, but it will be thrown away when the spacecraft re-enters the earth’s atmosphere. Most of the time, the service module and the command module are tested together. The part of landing on the moon includes the thrust rocket needed for landing on the moon and the rocket leaving the moon, as well as the lunar module. Although the weight of this part has been reduced as much as possible in the design, it still weighs 15 tons.

　　　　　　　　Then there is the control technology.One of the most critical technologies is the Kalman filter in automatic control. This filtering method was invented by Rudolph E. Kalman (1930-), an American Hungarian mathematician. At the beginning of this control theory put forward by Kalman, its practicability was so doubtful that he did not publish this achievement in the journal of electronic engineering and automatic control, but published it in the journal of mathematics. One day in 1960, Kalman visited Stanley Schmidt (1944-), who worked in NASA, and found that his method was very useful for solving the difficult problem of orbit prediction in Apollo program, so he taught it to Schmidt.

　　　　　　　　Finally, there is the problem of communication between the earth and the moon.The moon is 380 thousand kilometers away from our earth, nearly 10 times the circumference of the earth. Such long-distance two-way communication has never been carried out by humans before. Will the attenuation of the signal interrupt communication? In addition, it takes more than two seconds for radio waves to travel back and forth between the earth and the moon once. How to eliminate the influence of this delay on control? There are many problems that need to be tested one by one to determine. To this end, the United States launched some spacecraft to test the communication between the earth and the moon. Finally, Motorola provided intercom equipment between the moon and the earth. Unfortunately, this great company no longer exists independently today.

　　　　　　　　In the race to the moon, the former Soviet Union was far behind the United States in key technologies except rocket technology.

　　　　　　　　Of course, in the end, everything will go back to the rocket, because the total weight of several parts of the whole moon landing spacecraft exceeds 45 tons, which makes the manufacture of large thrust rockets become the bottleneck of the whole plan. Von Braun’s team needs to design a rocket with much larger thrust than Saturn-B. The previous dozens of various launch tests undoubtedly provided rich technical accumulation for their later development of new rockets. In 1967, von Braun’s masterpiece Saturn V was born.

　　　　　　　　But in January 1967, Apollo 1 had an accident before it was launched. In a ground test, the oxygen cabin exploded and the spacecraft caught fire, killing all three astronauts. The accident did not shake the determination of Americans, but helped Americans find many problems and make a lot of improvements, from the design of spacecraft to the spacesuit. Some of these improvements benefited the later Apollo 13 and avoided new tragedies. Although the Apollo program was slightly delayed, in November, Apollo IV (to commemorate the three astronauts who died, Apollo 1, 2 and 3 were vacant) was successfully launched, which was the first test of Saturn V rocket. In the following six months, the United States conducted two more experiments and tested all the links needed for landing on the moon in an unmanned state. After half a year’s preparation, from October 1968, the United States began to use manned spacecraft (Apollo VII) for simulation experiments. In just seven months, the United States conducted as many as four experiments, and 12 astronauts went into space. Among them, Apollo 8 manned the lunar orbit for the first time, and three astronauts circled the moon for 10 times. Apollo 10 tested the landing process of the spacecraft to the moon and landed at a height of only 15,000 meters from the surface of the moon, which is only slightly higher than the cruising altitude of commercial aircraft.

　　　　　　　　The next task is to land on the moon and let the astronauts set foot on the surface of the moon. For the first trip to the moon, NASA made full preparations. In the early stage, I launched many experiments and tried everything I could think of. The rest is to determine the candidate for the first moon landing mission. After many considerations, Neil A. Armstrong (1930-2012), Edwin E. Aldrin (1930-) and Michael Collins (1930-) were finally determined to perform this historic mission. Of course, to be on the safe side, NASA has also prepared a corresponding backup team. Even after selecting a three-person team, who will set foot on the moon first has become the focus of controversy among several astronauts. In training, Aldrin climbed out of the hatch first, and finally changed to Armstrong, because the design of the hatch was more convenient for him rather than Aldrin going out first. For the inside details of Apollo’s landing on the moon, readers can refer to the book Apollo-Lunar Expedition.

　　　　　　　　Soon, a glorious moment in human history came. On July 16, 1969, at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, Armstrong and others boarded the towering Apollo 11 spacecraft and were about to begin the human journey to the moon. The Apollo landing on the moon was televised by the United States to the whole world, and Nixon, then president, watched the live event on TV from the Oval Office of the White House. I think that if every reader can go back to that day, he will definitely sit in front of the TV and watch it. Fortunately, more than 30 years later, in the command room of Kennedy Space Center, I saw the command of Apollo 11 mission and the video of landing on the moon at the simulation site.

　　　　　　　　Ok, now please follow me to the command center. At 9: 32 am (Eastern Daylight Time), the rocket launch entered the final countdown. Astronauts and rockets are in good condition. Perhaps out of excitement or nervousness, Armstrong’s heart rate reached 110 beats per minute when the rocket was launched, which had never happened before. On the console, the display screens and lights of various instruments kept flashing, and the timer on the wall began to count down-10, 9, 8…3, 2, 1. At this time, the sound of "emission" sounded in the background. On the big screen, Saturn V ignited successfully, and the orange flame pushed the 110-meter-high behemoth to rise slowly and faster until the rocket disappeared on the screen. On the fourth day, July 19, the rocket entered the lunar orbit; On the fifth day, July 20th, Apollo 11 was ready to land on the moon. The camera switches to the image of Apollo 11 landing on the lunar surface, and there is a camera under the lunar module, which sends the blurred image of the lunar surface back to Earth. I saw the lunar module getting closer and closer to the surface of the moon and finally stopped there. This image can be seen on the website of NASA. After the lunar module landed safely on the surface of the moon, commander Armstrong returned the first words that humans said on the moon: "Houston, this is the Jinghai base. The eagle landed successfully. "

　　　　　　　　Next, Armstrong and Aldrin should sleep for five hours according to the pre-set itinerary, because they didn’t sleep much during the flight. But both of them were so excited that no one could sleep. After consulting the headquarters, they set foot on the surface of the moon in advance. On the screen of the control room, Armstrong stepped down from the lunar module and set foot on the moon. His movements were very slow. Because of the long distance and the communication technology is far less developed than today, the images and sounds sent back are intermittent, but Armstrong’s famous words can still be distinguished, "This is one small step for man, but one giant step for mankind." The recording of these seconds can be heard on the Internet.

Aldrin is on the surface of the moon.

　　　　　　　　More than 600 million viewers around the world watched the first human step on the moon on TV. Armstrong and Aldrin put some experimental instruments on the surface of the moon and collected more than 20 kilograms of lunar rock samples. The two of them stayed on the moon for about two and a half hours, and then went back to the lunar module to sleep. Although Aldrin accidentally broke the ignition switch of the return rocket, it was near miss. They turned on the switch with a pen, and the rocket sent them to the lunar orbit to rendezvous with the control/service module, and then returned to Earth. On July 24th, the command module carrying three astronauts fell into the Pacific Ocean. The whole process from launch to safe landing on the earth’s surface is about eight days and three hours.

Armstrong and other three astronauts spent more than ten days in the isolation cabin after returning from the moon. At that time, American President Nixon visited them in the isolation cabin at the first time and congratulated them through the glass window.

　　　　　　　　The success of Apollo’s landing on the moon is a victory for all mankind. As many as 400,000 people directly and indirectly participated in the Apollo program (Nixon’s original words). They came from different countries in the world, including many Chinese scientists. How much contribution did von Braun make in the Apollo program? NASA commented on him like this: "There is no doubt that he is the greatest rocket scientist in history. His greatest achievement was that when he was the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center of NASA, he presided over the research and development of Saturn V and successfully achieved the great cause of human landing on the moon for the first time in July 1969. " It can be said that there would be no Saturn V without von Braun. Although humans can finally land on the moon, it will not be within the time limit set by Kennedy-the 1960s.

　　　　　　　　On January 12th, 1966, korolev died of a surgical operation at the age of 59. It’s a pity that he didn’t see the successful docking of his designed spacecraft Soyuz and Salute-he had been buried underground for more than four years.

　　　　　　　　Vasily Mishin (1917-2001), korolev’s successor, did not have the influence and courage of korolev. Although he completed the development of the N1 rocket under very difficult circumstances, the rocket failed in all directions. Coupled with the constant space accidents, especially the death of astronauts, the Soviet Union’s moon landing plan failed as a whole and was finally abandoned.

　　　　　　　　In the end, Americans successfully landed on the moon many times, but the former Soviet Union did not once. The fundamental reason for this is not that korolev’s ability is not good, but that the former Soviet Union lost in its comprehensive national strength.

　　　　　　　　Without his opponent, von Braun continues to devote himself to the space industry. After Apollo 11, the United States successfully landed on the moon five times, completing a feat in human history. In 1972, after achieving the expected goal, the United States terminated the Apollo program and developed a reusable space vehicle, the space shuttle. Five years after the last Apollo spacecraft landed on the moon, von Braun also came to the end of his life. In 1977, he died of cancer. Shortly before his death, he won the National Science Award, the highest award in American science and technology, but he was unable to go to the White House to receive the award.

(This article is taken from the second volume of Light of Civilization, written by Wu Jun, People’s Posts and Telecommunications Publishing House, 2014). )

　　BEIJING, Jan. 23 (Xinhua)-On Jan. 22, the "Dragon and Phoenix Becoming Lucky-Global Chinese New Year Music Festival", jointly sponsored by the National Centre for the Performing Arts and Phoenix Satellite TV, will be officially staged on the 29th day of the Lunar New Year (Jan. 24). The sudden cold wave can’t stop the enthusiasm of artists. In order to provide a rich music feast for Chinese compatriots around the world on the eve of the Spring Festival, members of the China Philharmonic Orchestra rushed to the rehearsal site with their musical instruments in the early morning. The original ecological tenor Gao Baoli, the Peking Opera artist Yuan Huiqin, who is known as "a thousand-faced old Dan", the piano rookie Wang Yujia, who is known as "the female version of Lang Lang in China", and Jiang Kemei, the most outstanding and popular all-rounder of Hu Qin in the contemporary era, and many other musicians on the performance list also arrived. The artists gathered together and rehearsed their carefully selected tracks for this global Chinese music festival.

　　"China melody, Western-style interpretation; The innovative arrangement technique of "traditional art and modern expression" has brought different passions to "top" artists. Although it is only a rehearsal, the artists’ serious input has not diminished at all. After a short run-in, they will interpret the classic songs in a seamless and vivid way. After exploring the details, the artists couldn’t help clapping their hands and encouraging each other.

　　Yuan Huiqin: Music Festival Seeking Artistic Standards

　　On the same day, the longest running-in piece was an excerpt from the Beijing Opera Symphony "The Woman of Yangmen". At this Chinese and Western Spring Music Festival, the Beijing Opera Symphony, which combines tradition and modernity, will undoubtedly be one of the biggest highlights. Although Yuan Huiqin, the singer of "Young Woman", once cooperated with the China Philharmonic Orchestra in a solo concert held in May this year, the symphony orchestra needs to "walk beside" the actors because of the complete lines and dramatic conflicts, as well as the dramatic changes in the singing rhythm of Beijing Opera, which is different from ordinary symphony performances, and each performance will be different according to the actors’ live performance.

　　Talking about the "trueness" between the two sides in the rehearsal of some beats, Yuan Huiqin, who was running between the rehearsal of the Spring Festival Evening and the rehearsal of the music festival, explained: "The global Chinese New Year Music Festival is a platform to spread the charm of China music and Chinese culture to the world. This high-end cultural performance requires very high artistic standards. In addition, the Beijing Opera Symphony is an innovation of the traditional Beijing Opera, which brings challenges to the cooperation between performers and orchestras, so we choose it carefully. There is no such difficulty in the program I will perform in the Spring Festival Evening. First, because the form is traditional Peking Opera, and second, because the Spring Festival Evening focuses on creating a festive atmosphere. "

　　Gao Baoli: The best state is reserved for Chinese people all over the world.

　　At the rehearsal scene, the original ecological singer Gao Baoli and the China Philharmonic Orchestra, who cooperated for the first time, brought a lot of surprises to each other, and the "Shandandan Blooms in Red" in one go was full of charm. "I have been looking forward to working with the Philharmonic Orchestra, hoping to bring innovative auditory enjoyment to the audience through the sublimation of folk music through symphony. In order to participate in the global Chinese New Year Festival and fully show the charm of China folk songs to the world through this platform, I have turned down many commercial performances during this time, and I hope to keep my best state for Chinese compatriots around the world. I am particularly happy that the cooperation with the Philharmonic Orchestra can be so tacit today. " Gao Baoli, who won warm applause from the Philharmonic Orchestra, said seriously.

　　Wang Yujia: Be yourself and don’t be a "female version of Lang Lang"

　　The first movement of Tchaikovsky’s Piano Concerto No.1 in B-flat minor and the fourth movement of the Yellow River are ups and downs, and ten slender fingers are performing classic songs like flowing water. Wang Yujia, a pianist on the piano bench, is totally different from the girl born after 80s who highlighted yellow hair and wore jeans and sneakers. The only similarity is her seriousness when watching other people’s performances under the stage.

　　The members of the Philharmonic Orchestra who rehearsed together could not believe that Wang Yujia had never played "Yellow River" in public. Wang Yujia, who was born in 1987 and went to the United States to study piano at the age of 14, is now famous in the European and American music circles. Wang Yujia, who just learned that the fourth movement of Yellow River would be performed at the music festival two weeks ago and returned to China for the Spring Festival for the first time in 14 years, said: "The Yellow River is a classic song representing China. I am very happy that the Global Chinese Music Festival will allow me to play this song for the audience of the motherland during the Spring Festival. Although it is the first time to cooperate with the Philharmonic Orchestra, it is not strange at all. There is a feeling of going home. On the day of the ceremony, I hope that I can present the magnificent momentum of the fourth movement, so that the global audience does not feel that a girl is playing. " After a song, sweating Wang Yujia spontaneously took off her sweater in public. Before doing this action, she did not forget to consult the consent of others present with her eyes.

　　Talking about the title of "China female version of Lang Lang" given to her by the domestic media, frank Wang Yujia said: "Lang Lang is a young pianist who is internationally renowned. I am very happy and grateful to them for calling me that. This is my affirmation. I am honored, but I still want to be myself and be the only Wang Yujia rather than being a replica of others."

　　Jiang Kemei: The spread of music in China should be gradual.

　　Jiang Kemei, a well-known Huqin performer who has cooperated with China Philharmonic Orchestra for many times, performed "Deep Night", which can be described as a combination of rigidity and softness, graceful and graceful atmosphere. The perfect cooperation between the two sides shows the oriental charm of Chinese folk music incisively and vividly. Jiang Kemei was deeply touched by the holding of the Chinese New Year Concert around the world: "In recent years, the foreign exchange of China music has been very frequent. It is of great significance for our China music to go further to the world to hold the Chinese New Year Festival for the whole world on such a special day as the Spring Festival."

　　Jiang Kemei, who has been invited to participate in large-scale international performances such as Cannes International Film Festival and Prague Spring Music Festival, and has cooperated with many internationally renowned orchestras and conductors, said that China’s music has a high international recognition at present: "I was once invited to perform two classic tracks, Deep Night and Horse Racing, with the world-famous Ottawa Symphony Orchestra, because it was the first time to perform oriental folk music together, and the conductor of the Ottawa Symphony Orchestra was very nervous. However, after a period of running-in, the performance was very successful, and the audience repeatedly asked to return. The perfect combination of erhu and violin brought a refreshing feeling to the audience and a great surprise to the conductor. After the performance, he patted me on the shoulder and told me that he would come to China to learn about China music. " Jiang Kemei also said that it is a very clever way to spread oriental music by combining Chinese and Western music in the global Chinese New Year Concert. From the combination of Chinese and Western music to the original flavor, the gradual infiltration and dissemination will give foreign audiences a process from understanding to acceptance to appreciation, which is an effective way for China music to go global.

　　Asgen: High-pitched Challenge to C 《 Qinghai-Tibet Plateau 》

　　Composer Zhang Qianyi once said: "Asgen’s temperament is very suitable for fresh, pure and distant songs." Each other is born from the heart, and the song is like a person. As simple and mellow as her singing, Asgen is reminiscent of the air with fragrant flowers and plants brewing on the plateau.

　　Asgen, who was still performing in Sichuan in the morning, flew back to Beijing at noon and rushed directly to the rehearsal hall of China Philharmonic Orchestra to participate in the rehearsal of "Dragon and Phoenix Becoming Lucky-Global Chinese Music Festival 2009". Despite some airsickness symptoms, as soon as the music started, Asgen was as excited as a different person.

　　On the stage of the global Chinese music festival, Asgen was the first Tibetan singer to sing. Therefore, Asgen chose the song "Qinghai-Tibet Plateau". The Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, which was created in 1997, combines the popular singing style with the Tibetan folk singing style, and the passionate and infectious melody sings the amorous and verve of the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. This time, Asgen’s version of "Qinghai-Tibet Plateau" raised the music to C, and the singing was even more like the sound of nature.

　　"The first time I cooperated with the Philharmonic Orchestra, the difficulty of the songs also increased, so the pressure was also great. Although I have been singing on the stage for so many years, I still feel nervous when I think that Chinese in the world is watching me sing. " The first audition went well, but Asgen asked to sing again, and asked Xu Peidong, the artistic director of the Chinese Music Festival, the conductor of the orchestra and even the staff who stopped to listen on the sidelines to help her make suggestions and adjust the most perfect singing effect.

　　Xue Wei: China music should show off its skills to the world.

　　"The success of a musician is closely related to national strength and national prosperity. I have played abroad for so many years, and I have witnessed and experienced many changes. China has made great progress in these years, and the achievements of China music are obvious to all. Now China music can and should proudly show our achievements to the world. " Xue Wei, one of the most outstanding contemporary violin masters, the China musician who has won the highest and most prizes in international violin competitions so far, and the violinist who set the record for the youngest professor in royal academy of music 20 years ago, said so.

　　Perhaps it is to express this idea that Xue Wei suggested that the track of "Dragon and Phoenix Becoming Auspicious-Global Chinese Music Festival 2009" be selected as "Sunshine Shining in Tashkurgan". The Sunshine in Tashkurgan, which has a strong ethnic flavor, applies Tajik music materials and absorbs the playing techniques of China folk instruments, and is known as one of the most representative gorgeous and dazzling works of Chinese violin music.

　　Accompanying Xue Wei to complete this performance is the violin "Stradivari" made in 1751. "As a performer, every performance will try to attach some new content and new breakthroughs. Without new elements, there will be no new source of enthusiasm. I look forward to new breakthroughs on the stage of the National Centre for the Performing Arts. " In the cooperation with China Philharmonic Orchestra, Xue Wei and "Stradivari", the old partners, are full of passion, and the second degree and the decoration of semitone, the imitation of the four-tone chord of Dongbula and the unrestrained cadenza are outstanding.

Editor: Yan Bin

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Proposal on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (hereinafter referred to as the "Proposal") adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee puts forward that "improving the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture". China is a big agricultural country, and China’s agriculture is a big country agriculture. During the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, only by accelerating the development of modern agriculture and striving to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries can we provide a solid foundation and strong guarantee for the transformation and upgrading of economic development and the building of a well-off society in an all-round way. Accelerating the development of modern agriculture and striving to improve agricultural competitiveness are also the needs to cope with the profound changes in the domestic and international environment for agricultural development. Domestically, economic development has entered a new normal, showing three characteristics: speed change, structural optimization and power conversion, which requires the simultaneous development of new industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. In the simultaneous development of the four modernizations, agriculture is still a short board, and it is urgent to speed up the transformation of agricultural development mode and the adjustment of agricultural structure. From an international perspective, developed countries and regions are paying more and more attention to improving agricultural competitiveness, gradually eliminating direct subsidies to agriculture by adjusting laws and policies, and instead increasing support for agricultural business entities in the market field, so as to improve their competitiveness and promote the process of agricultural marketization. Facing the changes in the development environment at home and abroad, and implementing the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, we should fill in the shortcomings of agriculture as soon as possible and strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries.

Change the concept of agricultural development and pay more attention to the transformation of mode and structure.

The "Proposal" pointed out that to achieve the development goals during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, solve development problems and cultivate development advantages, we must firmly establish the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. The concept of development is the forerunner of development action. To develop modern agriculture and improve agricultural competitiveness under the new economic normal, we must firmly establish and implement the new development concept, and pay more attention to changing modes and adjusting structure.

The reason why we should pay more attention to changing the mode and adjusting the structure is because although agriculture is a traditional industry, its versatility is becoming increasingly obvious with the development of agriculture and economy and society. Modern agriculture should not only give play to traditional production functions and ensure food supply, but also give play to ecological and environmental protection, sightseeing and leisure, cultural inheritance and other functions to promote sustainable development. Only by establishing a new development concept and paying more attention to changing the mode and adjusting the structure can we accelerate the formation of a modern agricultural industrial chain pattern from field to table, form a modern agricultural industrial system with the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, better lead the transformation of agricultural development mode and promote the improvement of agricultural development quality and efficiency. Therefore, we should speed up the transformation of extensive management methods that rely on resource consumption, strengthen the drive of agricultural scientific and technological innovation, and take the road of agricultural modernization with high output efficiency, product safety, resource conservation and environmental friendliness. On the basis of stabilizing grain production, we should scientifically determine the self-sufficiency level of major agricultural products, rationally arrange the development priorities of agricultural industries, give full play to the comparative advantages of various regions, industries and business models, promote the integration and interaction of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and realize the transformation of agricultural production from production-oriented to consumption-oriented

Improve the innovation and extension system of modern agricultural science and technology and vigorously apply advanced science and technology.

The "Proposal" proposes to improve the modern agricultural science and technology innovation promotion system. At present, advanced science and technology plays an increasingly important supporting role in improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and overall competitiveness. In 2014, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in China has reached 56%. In the past, we put more emphasis on agricultural science and technology, such as improved varieties and good methods. Today, we propose to improve the innovation and extension system of modern agricultural science and technology and vigorously apply advanced technology, and its breadth and depth far exceed the cognitive scope of the past.

As far as biotechnology is concerned, it includes not only the traditional optimization of agricultural and livestock varieties, but also the modern biotechnology represented by transgenic technology. We should intensify technological research and development and industrialization, achieve the target requirements of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety, and effectively guarantee national food security and food safety. As far as equipment technology is concerned, it used to be more understood as a production tool to replace labor, but today it has become the basic production factor for developing modern agriculture, and the improvement of equipment technology level can greatly improve production efficiency and output benefit. Among them, special attention should be paid to the application of modern information technology. Modern information technologies such as agricultural Internet of Things, e-commerce, big data, cloud computing and global positioning system are playing an increasingly important leading and supporting role in agricultural production, processing and circulation. Especially the booming e-commerce will have a revolutionary impact on the circulation of agricultural products. Accordingly, to improve the modern agricultural science and technology innovation extension system, we need to think and plan from the strategic height that science and technology are the primary productive forces and important production factors, accelerate the establishment of modern agricultural science and technology innovation system, scientific and technological achievements transformation system, extension and application system, and accelerate the agricultural mechanization and informatization.

Constructing modern agricultural industrial system and optimizing the combination of resource elements

The "Proposal" pointed out that efforts should be made to build a modern agricultural industrial system. The main difference between modern agricultural industrial system and traditional agricultural industrial system is that the former focuses on forming a new factor combination mode through intensive investment and in-depth development of modern production factors such as financial capital, science and technology, organization and management, and promoting the steady improvement of total factor productivity and comprehensive quality of agricultural industry.

The role of modern agricultural industrial system in promoting agricultural competitiveness is mainly manifested in four aspects: specialization, scale, intensification and integration. First of all, specialized division of labor to improve labor productivity. According to the market demand and their own endowment, agricultural business entities focus on a certain field, variety or link that they are best at and most suitable for, and carry out specialized production and business activities, which can effectively improve labor production efficiency and business benefits. Secondly, large-scale production improves the land output rate. On the one hand, the moderate scale operation of land is convenient for arranging and utilizing land in pieces and improving the scale efficiency of agricultural production. On the other hand, connecting scattered land management entities through socialized services can transcend the boundaries between plots and families, promote the centralized investment of modern production factors such as capital, science and technology, management and equipment, and greatly form the spillover effect of scale management. Third, intensive management improves the efficiency of resource combination through the scientific, accurate, reduced and efficient utilization of various resource elements. Fourth, integrated development improves agricultural total factor productivity. In the development of modern agriculture, the absence of any factor of production will form a "short board effect". Only by building a modern agricultural industrial system, vigorously optimizing the combination of various production factors, and striving to realize the integrated development of production, processing, logistics and marketing, can agricultural competitiveness be effectively improved.

Change the mode of agricultural management and cultivate new agricultural management subjects

Agricultural management mode mainly includes two aspects: agricultural production mode and service mode, which is an important symbol of agricultural competitiveness of big countries. From the perspective of agricultural production mode, many new management modes, such as farm management, cooperative management and enterprise management, which are based on household contract management, have greatly promoted the commercialization, scale, intensification, specialization and organization of agricultural production. All kinds of new business entities have different functional orientation and comparative advantages, and have broad adaptability and development space. The interests of the main members of farm management are highly consistent, and the cost of labor supervision is low, which occupies a leading position in the production of breeding industry; Cooperative business entities organize scattered farmers, improve market bargaining position, reduce production and transaction costs, and have economies of scale in the integration and development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, which is conducive to increasing farmers’ income; Enterprise management subjects have advanced technology and equipment, strong financing and anti-risk ability, and have obvious advantages in deep processing of agricultural products, logistics and distribution, carrying out innovative agricultural production and management activities, and improving agricultural added value.

From the perspective of agricultural service mode, various public welfare and business service organizations have flourished, and the professional, serialized and multi-level service models have been continuously innovated, initially forming an agricultural socialized service system led by government public service agencies and widely participated by multiple service subjects. In particular, some business service organizations provide services for farmers in the aspects of seed and fertilizer supply, agricultural machinery operation, production management, product sales, etc. by means of full trusteeship and semi-trusteeship, which neither changes the farmers’ contract relationship, but also ensures that the land is planted with people and the land can be planted well, showing great vitality in practice. It can be said that the agricultural management mode of "diversified business entities+whole-process socialized service" is an important path choice for China’s agricultural modernization and an important institutional innovation to adapt to China’s national conditions with a large population and a small population.

Cultivate new professional farmers and improve the quality of agricultural practitioners

The "Proposal" proposes to cultivate new professional farmers. This is an urgent need and an important support to solve the practical problem of "who will plant the land" and "how to plant the land well", improve the quality of agricultural practitioners and enhance the competitiveness of agriculture. The problem of "who will plant the land" is rooted in the weak competitiveness and low comparative income of agriculture, which is not unrelated to the non-professionalism of farmers. From the current practice and development trend, traditional farmers have lived in rural areas for generations, specializing in agricultural production, and are the basic groups that produce new professional farmers; After market experience, returning migrant workers have certain capital, technology and marketing capabilities, and are the core strength of new professional farmers; Rural junior and senior high school graduates have received systematic basic education and have strong ability to absorb and apply new knowledge and technology, which is the basic reserve of new professional farmers; The new farmers who master modern agricultural technology, have the concept of ecological agriculture and Internet thinking are the emerging groups of new professional farmers. Through targeted and classified vocational education and training, they can master their professional skills and improve their professional quality, become professional rural practical talents and management talents, and become new agricultural production subjects and service subjects to meet the requirements of modern agricultural development.

Grasp the national conditions in depth and give play to the comparative advantages of agriculture.

Compared with the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries with abundant agricultural resources, China’s total agricultural resources are insufficient and per capita resources are scarce. However, from the perspective of comparative advantage, there are many types of agricultural resources in China and other relative advantages, which have the conditions to improve agricultural competitiveness by giving full play to comparative advantages.

Generally speaking, China’s agricultural comparative advantages are mainly manifested in three aspects: First, comparative resource advantages. China has a vast territory, rich landforms, diverse climate, various types of agricultural resources and obvious characteristics of species diversity. For example, China’s higher plant species account for 10% of the world’s total, and mammal species account for 13%, both of which rank among the top in the world. We should make full use of this unique advantage of agricultural comparative resources. The second is comparative industrial advantages. The variety of agricultural resources in China determines the diversity of agricultural industrial structure in various places. All localities should base themselves on comparative advantages, develop different industries selectively and emphatically, and promote the formation of a modern agricultural industrial pattern with appropriate division of labor, reasonable layout and balanced total output throughout the country. The third is comparative competitive advantage. Compared with the United States, Canada and other countries, China is relatively competitive in non-resource products such as gardening and animal husbandry. Compared with Japan and South Korea, China is absolutely competitive in grain production. Giving full play to the comparative advantage of agriculture is to transform resource advantage into industrial advantage and industrial advantage into competitive advantage as soon as possible, and strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries. (Zhang Hongyu)