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Global news: technology giants drag down US stocks collectively. Musk reveals new progress in brain-computer interface experiments.

  On Tuesday (February 20th), Eastern Time, the first day after the market closed, the three major US stock indexes fell across the board, and the Nasdaq index fell more than 1% in intraday trading, closing at a two-week low. The dismal performance of the heavyweight technology giants and the market’s concern about the risk of the Fed’s potential return to raising interest rates are the main factors that weaken the market.

  At the close, the Dow Jones index fell 0.17% to 38,563.80 points; The S&P 500 index fell 0.60% to 4,975.51 points; The Nasdaq Composite Index fell 0.92% to 15,630.78.

  In terms of US debt, the benchmark 10-year US bond yield closed at 4.275%, and the 2-year US bond yield, which is most sensitive to the Fed’s policy interest rate, closed at 4.613%.

  After the US stock market closes today, the market will welcome the financial report of AI leader NVIDIA, who is also the main contributor to the increase of US stocks this year. According to statistics, NVIDIA contributed a quarter of the increase of the S&P 500 index this year, and its financial report is likely to be a watershed in the trend of US stocks.

  And because of its horrible rise and continuously high valuation, the market has begun to prompt risks. Some analysts believe that even if the company can hand over a slightly stronger than expected financial report, it is difficult to deserve its excessive valuation. Overnight, NVIDIA once fell more than 7% in intraday trading, and eventually it fell more than 4%, dragging down the market.

  Bank of America analysts believe that it is not surprising that NVIDIA’s share price showed a "significant but short-term correction" after the financial report was released, given that investors had previously "blindly pursued artificial intelligence". The correction of the stock may exceed 10%.

  Brent Kochuba, the founder of SpotGamma, thinks that once NVIDIA’s financial report is published, firstly, the implied volatility of the options market will decrease. The decline in implied volatility means that options will become cheaper, which will force market makers to sell some of their stocks to hedge their positions.

  In particular, companies with large bias of call options like NVIDIA will bear greater selling pressure. In addition, due to NVIDIA’s current weight, it will detonate the "thunder" of the current "overheating" of the US stock market, and then cause a wider decline.

  In addition, due to the high inflation in the United States, the market began to worry about the possibility of the Fed returning to raise interest rates. Last Friday, former US Treasury Secretary Summers said, "The possibility that the Fed will raise interest rates next still exists, and the probability may be 15%." More asset managers believe that the possibility is 20%.

  In terms of industry, the first subject of Neuralink, Musk’s brain-computer interface company, is said to have realized the control of computer mouse through ideas. On Tuesday, local time, Musk said on the social media platform: "The patient seems to have fully recovered, without any adverse effects we know, and he can control the mouse. He can move the mouse on the screen just by thinking."

  He also said that the company is currently trying to let patients "press the mouse button as much as possible through their minds", which includes moving the cursor up and down and dragging the box on the screen.

  In terms of AI, Sora’s popularity has not yet fallen, and there is the fastest large-scale model explosion field in history. The AI chip company Groq became popular overnight, and the self-developed LPU speed crushed the NVIDIA GPU. Its text generation speed is faster than blink of an eye. The reasoning scene is 10 times faster than NVIDIA GPU, but the price and power consumption are only one tenth of the latter.

  In addition, with the shortage of uranium supply and rising prices, uranium trading is becoming the hottest category on Wall Street, and both physical uranium and securities products are becoming very crowded. ETF, a uranium miner listed on NYSE, has increased by more than 55% in the past 12 months.

  It is reported that investment banks including Goldman Sachs, McGree and some hedge funds are actively participating in uranium trading. Among them, Goldman Sachs not only involved in physical uranium trading, but also participated in option trading. Some hedge funds are also stepping up their participation in the trading of physical uranium and securities uranium products, which shows that after a decade of downturn after the Fukushima nuclear disaster, uranium trading has once again begun to shine and attract financial institutions to participate.

  [Hot stocks]

  Most large technology stocks fell, with Microsoft down 0.31% and Apple down 0.41%. Google rose by 0.31%. Amazon fell by 1.43%, NVIDIA by 4.35%, Meta by 0.33% and Tesla by 3.10%.

  In terms of Chinese stocks, Nasdaq China Jinlong Index fell 1.33% to 6,005.10 points. Most popular Chinese stocks fell, with Xpeng Motors down 5.46%, JD.COM down 4.09%, Weilai and Pinduoduo down 2.93%, Baidu down 1.47%, Alibaba down 1.04% and LI up 0.57%.

  [global index]

  In the European stock market, the FTSE 100 index in Britain fell slightly by 0.12% to 7719 points. The French CAC40 index rose slightly by 0.34% to 7795 points. Germany DAX index fell slightly by 0.14% to 17,068 points. In Asian stock markets, the Hang Seng Index rose slightly by 0.57% to 16,248 points.

  [foreign exchange commodities]

  The main contract of Brent crude oil closed at $82.56 per barrel, down 1.20%; The main contract of crude oil in the previous period closed at 598.00 yuan per barrel overnight, down 1.01%. Overnight, the Shanghai gold main contract closed up 0.26% to 481.70 yuan per gram.

  [Highlights]

  Wall Street began to face up to the risk of the Fed returning to raising interest rates.

  Last Friday, Lawrence Summers, the former US Treasury Secretary, broke the window and said something that some market participants thought but didn’t want to hear: "The possibility that the Fed will raise interest rates next still exists, and the probability may be 15%." More asset managers believe that the possibility is 20%.

  Musk: The first human subject with brain-computer interface can control the mouse after rehabilitation thinking.

  Musk revealed the latest progress of the first human subject of his brain-computer interface company Neuralink. On February 20th, Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla, revealed in a live broadcast of Spaces on social media platform X that the first human subject of Neuralink "seems to have fully recovered without any adverse reactions as we know. Subjects can move the mouse on the computer screen just by thinking. " Musk also said that Neuralink is now trying to get subjects to click as many mouse buttons as possible.

  Groq, the fastest model bombing field in history, became a hit overnight.

  Its self-developed LPU speed crushes NVIDIA GPU. NVIDIA’s challenger Groq appeared. Abandon GPU and develop LPU. Text generation is faster than blinking. The reasoning scene is 10 times faster than NVIDIA GPU, but the price and power consumption are only one tenth of the latter.

  Microsoft is developing a replacement for the NVIDIA network card.

  Microsoft is developing a new network card to improve the performance of its artificial intelligence chip Maia, and ultimately achieve the purpose of reducing dependence on NVIDIA products. Satya Nadella, CEO of Microsoft, has appointed Pradeep Sindhu, co-founder of Junbo Network, a communications equipment giant, to lead the network card project. The new network card that the Sindhu team aims to build this time is similar to the ConnectX-7 network card in NVIDIA, which is mainly used to improve the traffic speed of the server. According to the report, the development process may take more than one year. If successful, it is expected to shorten the time required for OpenAI to train the model on the Microsoft server and reduce the cost of the training process.

  Apple adjusts the leadership of the supervision team responsible for audio products.

  Apple adjusts the leadership of the audio product supervision team, and Gary Geaves will resign as the team leader and be replaced by Ruchir Davé.

  Uranium becomes the new hot deal on Wall Street.

  With the shortage of uranium supply and rising prices, uranium trading is becoming the hottest category on Wall Street, and both physical uranium and securities products are becoming very crowded. ETF, a uranium miner listed on NYSE, has increased by more than 55% in the past 12 months.

  Us house of representatives sets up AI task force

  On Tuesday (February 20th) local time, Speaker of the US House of Representatives Mike Johnson and Democratic Party leader Hakim jeffries announced that the two parties had formed a special working group to discuss legislation to solve people’s concerns about artificial intelligence (AI).

  Red Sea crisis reshapes global fuel trade pattern, Indian diesel turns to Asia.

  Due to the continuous turmoil in the Red Sea, the increase in freight rates has made it more attractive for transportation companies and commodity traders to export their goods to Asian countries.

  [financial calendar]

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Frequently asked questions about influenza vaccination this winter and next spring, Fujian CDC answers.

Influenza (referred to as "flu") isCaused by influenza virus infectionAcute respiratory infectious diseases.Influenza vaccination isAn effective means to prevent influenza.About influenza vaccination this winter and next springSome common questions,Fujian CDC answers are as follows↓↓↓

1. What are the antigenic components of trivalent and tetravalent influenza vaccines this year?

The trivalent influenza vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2023-2024 based on chicken embryos in the northern hemisphere consists of:

A/Victoria/4897/2022(H1N1)Pdm09 similar strain

A/Darwin/9/2021(H3N2)Similar strain

B/Austria/1359417/2021(Victoria department)Similar strain

The tetravalent influenza vaccine component contains two strains of B strain, namely the above three strains and B/Phuket/3073/2013.(Yamagata system)Similar strain.

Compared with the previous year, the vaccine component recommended by WHO in this year has been replaced with influenza virus subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain.

2. What kinds of influenza vaccines are available in 2023-2024?

Influenza vaccines listed in the world are divided into inactivated influenza virus vaccine, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine and influenza virus recombination vaccines.

According to the components contained in the vaccine, it is divided into trivalent and tetravalent influenza vaccines.

According to the production process, it can be divided into chicken embryo culture, cell culture and recombinant influenza vaccine.

Influenza vaccines used in China in the epidemic season of 2023-2024 include trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3), tetravalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) and trivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV3).

Both IIV3 and IIV4 have 0.25ml dosage form and 0.5ml dosage form, and LAIV3 has 0.2ml dosage form.

3. Which key groups and high-risk groups give priority to influenza vaccination?

It is suggested that all people who are over 6 months old and have no contraindications should be vaccinated with influenza vaccine. Combined with the epidemic situation of influenza and the prevention and control strategy of multi-disease prevention, the harm of influenza should be reduced as much as possible.

Priority recommended key and high-risk groups:

1 medical personnel, including clinical rescue personnel, public health personnel, health and quarantine personnel, etc.;

2. Older people aged 60 and over;

3. People suffering from one or more chronic diseases;

4. Vulnerable people and employees in gathering places such as old-age care institutions, long-term care institutions and welfare homes;

5. Pregnant women;

6. Children aged 6-59 months;

7. Family members and caregivers of infants under 6 months old;

8. People in key places such as kindergartens, primary and secondary schools and supervision places.

4. What is the immune persistence after influenza vaccination?

The immunity acquired by human body after being infected with influenza virus or inoculated with influenza vaccine will decline with time, and the degree of decline is related to factors such as people’s age, physical condition and vaccine antigen.

A study on antibody dynamics of influenza vaccine in Australia showed that the antibody level induced by various vaccine strains reached a peak one month after vaccination, and began to decline about three months later. After vaccination for six months, the antibody level was still higher than the baseline, suggesting that the antibody protection level can be maintained for at least six months after vaccination.

A study in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province also found that the antibody level mediated by some vaccine strains was still high after 6 months of influenza vaccination.

Studies have shown that the serum antibody level in the body decreased significantly after one year of influenza vaccination. Studies have shown that the decrease of serum antibody is related to the decrease of the number of bone marrow plasma cells, that is, the specific bone marrow plasma cells increased after 4 weeks of influenza vaccination, but decreased to the pre-vaccination level after 1 year.

In order to match the ever-changing influenza virus, one or more strains of influenza vaccine recommended by WHO will be updated in most seasons, and it also exists that the vaccine strains are exactly the same as the previous season.

In order to ensure the maximum protection of the vaccinated population, even if the composition of the influenza vaccine is exactly the same as that of the previous season, since the antibody titer produced by most vaccinators in the last vaccination has dropped significantly, it is still recommended to vaccinate before the arrival of the influenza season in that year regardless of whether the influenza vaccine was vaccinated in the previous season.

5. What are the requirements for the vaccination times of influenza vaccine?

Children from 6 months to 8 years old should be vaccinated with IIV vaccine: children from 6 months to 8 years old who are vaccinated with influenza for the first time should be vaccinated with two doses (two doses of the same vaccine should be selected) with an interval of ≥4 weeks; Children who have received one or more doses of influenza vaccine in 2022-2023 or before are recommended to receive one dose.

Vaccination of children aged 6 months to 8 years: No matter whether they have been vaccinated with influenza vaccine, only one dose is given.

Children and adults aged 9 and over only need one dose.

6. What are the taboos for influenza vaccination?

Anyone who is allergic to any ingredients contained in the vaccine (including excipients, formaldehyde, cracking agents and antibiotics) or has a history of severe allergic reaction to any kind of influenza vaccination is prohibited from vaccination.

Patients with acute diseases, severe chronic diseases or acute attacks of chronic diseases and fever are advised to be vaccinated after recovery or stable control of their condition. Patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome within 6 weeks after previous influenza vaccination are advised to be evaluated by a doctor before considering whether to vaccinate.

The following people are prohibited from being vaccinated with LAIV:

① Persons with low immune function due to drug use, HIV infection and other reasons;

② Children and adolescents who have been treated with drugs containing aspirin or salicylic acid for a long time;

③ Children with asthma aged 2-4 years;

4 pregnant women;

⑤ Those with a history of Guillain-Barre syndrome;

⑥ Those who used antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir 48 hours before inoculation, or those who used palamivir 5 days before inoculation, or those who used balosevir 17 days before inoculation.

7. Can influenza vaccine and other vaccines be vaccinated at the same time?

Inoculation with other inactivated and attenuated live vaccines:

Inactivated influenza vaccine can be inoculated simultaneously or sequentially with other inactivated vaccines and attenuated live vaccines; If two live attenuated vaccines are inoculated at the same time, the interval should be at least 4 weeks.

Inoculation with Covid-19 vaccine at the same time:

People aged 18 and above can be vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine at the same time, and at the same time, they should be vaccinated at the inoculation sites of both limbs. For the minors who have been vaccinated with LAIV and under the age of 18, it is suggested that the interval between vaccination with Covid-19 and Covid-19 should be more than 14 days due to the lack of evidence at present.

8. When is the timing of influenza vaccination?

Usually, after 2~4 weeks of influenza vaccination, antibodies with protective level can be produced.

The time and duration of the annual peak of influenza activity are different in different parts of China. In order to ensure that the recipients can get immune protection before the high-incidence season of influenza, it is suggested that all localities arrange vaccination as soon as the vaccine is available, and it is best to complete immunization before the local influenza epidemic season. Vaccination units can provide immunization services throughout the epidemic season.

In the same influenza epidemic season, people who have completed the whole vaccination according to the vaccination procedures do not need to be vaccinated again.

9. Besides influenza vaccine, what other vaccines can be vaccinated to prevent respiratory infectious diseases?

In addition to influenza vaccination this winter and next spring, pneumococcal vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine are also recommended for the elderly and people with chronic basic diseases.

For children, it is suggested that non-immunization programs such as pneumococcal vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine should be inoculated on the basis of continuing immunization program vaccination. No matter whether it is an immunization program vaccine or a non-immunization program vaccine, the requirements of vaccination specifications should be strictly followed during the vaccination process.

10. How should we protect against influenza vaccine before it is produced?

Wear a mask scientifically. If you go to a closed environment and crowded places, take public transport or go to the hospital, it is recommended to wear a mask and pay attention to changing it in time.

Develop good personal hygiene habits. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with paper towels or towels. Wash your hands or disinfect your hands in time after touching public facilities such as elevator buttons and door handles, and after coughing or sneezing. In addition, daily attention should be paid to keeping the environment in the home and workplace clean, and opening windows regularly for ventilation.

Develop a healthy lifestyle. In daily life, we should keep enough sleep, adequate nutrition and proper physical exercise to enhance our physical fitness and improve our immunity.

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Feel the power of Atom. the installed measurement of Huaqing Q1900M motherboard

Huaqing Q1900M details, chip:

Wandering stars

  Configure the standard motherboard ATX 24pin power interface, and some motherboards use DC-IN external adapters for power supply.

Wandering stars

  From left to right, 2+1 USB front connector, 1 CMOS reset connector, 2 SATA 2.0 (3Gb/s hard disk interface), 1 Panel front panel connector and 1 Speaker connector are all marked with characters for easy connection. For HTPC, 2 SATA is just enough, 1 SSD is used as the system, and 1 mechanical hard disk is downloaded or backed up.

Wandering stars

  There is also a HD_Audio front audio connector, a TPM security module connector, an LPT printer port connector, and a COM port connector. The latter three connectors tend to be used in industry. Unfortunately, Huaqing Q1900M does not provide a front USB3.0 interface. If one of TPM, LPT and COM is changed to front USB3.0, I believe it is more practical for consumer players.

Wandering stars

  Winbond 25Q64FWSIG BIOS chip

  Liqi Richtek RT8172A processor power supply management chip

  Dezhou instruments TI 87350D DrMOS integration upper and lower bridge

  Liqi Richtek RT8120B memory power supply management chip

  Ruiyu Realtek ALC622 audio chip

  Ruiyu Realtek 8111GR network chip

  Xintang technology Nuvoton NCT6776D hardware monitoring

  Fan control of xintang technology Nuvoton 3941S

  The main chips and power supply materials, if you search the given models, you will find that the same components often appear in the list of overclocking boards of Huaqing or other brands. Obviously, Huaqing Q1900M has not lowered the grade of materials because of the entry-level positioning of Intel Bay Trail -D desktop.

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Epidemic prevention and control dereliction of duty! Many people such as the director of Daqing CDC were exempted.

Cctv news(Reporter Li Wenxue): On September 5, the Organization Department of Daqing Municipal Committee of the Communist Party of China reported that many leading cadres, including the Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, were dismissed due to dereliction of duty in epidemic prevention and control.

According to the report, since the outbreak of the COVID-19 epidemic, Wang Fengjing, director of the Municipal Center for Disease Control and Prevention, has failed to implement the epidemic prevention and control policy and has taken the main leadership responsibility; Li Jinbo, deputy head of Saertu District, failed to investigate the risk personnel and took important leadership responsibilities; Song Yongcai, director of the Market Supervision Administration Bureau of the High-tech Zone Management Committee, failed to supervise the prevention and control of the epidemic situation in the farmer’s market and took the main leadership responsibility; Wang Xibao, director of the Natural Resources and Construction Administration Bureau of the High-tech Zone Management Committee, is responsible for the poor management of community closure and control; Chen Yongfang, secretary of the Party Working Committee of Liming Street in High-tech Zone, did not implement the epidemic prevention and control measures in place, resulting in the risk of epidemic spread in the community under his jurisdiction and taking direct responsibility; Wang Hongbo, director of the market supervision administration of Saertu District and secretary of the party group, organized the farmers’ market to implement the epidemic prevention and control measures, and took the main leadership responsibility; Ma Zhen, vice president of Rand School, failed to investigate the risk personnel and took the main leadership responsibility; Xiao Guangyi, director and party secretary of Longfeng District Market Supervision Administration, organized the farmer’s market to implement the epidemic prevention and control measures, and took the main leadership responsibility; Ning Feng, the full-time deputy secretary of the Party Working Committee of the High-tech Zone, as the chief commander of the district epidemic prevention and control headquarters, failed to perform his duties and took the leadership responsibility; Wang Shixin, deputy director of the High-tech Zone Management Committee and member of the Party Working Committee, failed to supervise the epidemic prevention and control work in the farmer’s market and assumed important leadership responsibilities; Wang Weihua, deputy director of the High-tech Zone Management Committee and member of the Party Working Committee, is ineffective in the management of community closure and control and bears important leadership responsibilities; Zhao Wen, deputy director of the High-tech Zone Management Committee and member of the Party Working Committee, bears the leadership responsibility for failing to transport the isolated personnel in time;Zhang Jiawei, member of the Standing Committee of Sarthou District Committee and secretary of the Political and Legal Committee, bears an important leadership responsibility for the ineffective management of personnel in the temporary control area, the lax control of the control area, the false control of business premises and the lack of management of mobile vendors; Miao Lulu, deputy head of Longfeng District, is responsible for failing to transport the isolated personnel in time.

After research by the Standing Committee of the Municipal Party Committee, Wang Fengjing was removed from the post of director of CDC, Li Jinbo was removed from the post of deputy head of Sartu District, Song Yongcai was removed from the post of director of Market Supervision Administration of High-tech Zone Management Committee, and Wang Xibao was removed from the post of director of Natural Resources and Construction Administration of High-tech Zone Management Committee.

It is suggested that the Party Working Committee of High-tech Zone should be relieved of the post of Secretary of the Party Working Committee of Liming Street in Chen Yongfang High-tech Zone.

It is suggested that Sarthou District Committee should remove the post of Director and Party Secretary of the Market Supervision Administration Bureau of Saertu District, Wang Hongbo, and remove the post of Vice President of Ma Lande School.

It is suggested that the Longfeng District Committee be relieved of the post of director and party secretary of Xiao Guangyi Longfeng District Market Supervision Administration.

Ning Feng, full-time deputy secretary of the Party Working Committee of High-tech Zone, Wang Shixin, Wang Weihua and Zhao Wen, deputy directors and members of the Party Working Committee of High-tech Zone, Zhang Jiawei, member of the Standing Committee of Sarthou District Committee and secretary of the Political and Legal Committee, and Miao Lulu, deputy head of Longfeng District, were given informed criticism.

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Doubled growth of orders exceeded expectations —— The "May 1" consumption report card reflects the market vitality

On May 2nd, tourists went boating in Qisheng Lake, Zibo. During the "May Day" holiday, people come to various scenic spots to enjoy the holiday. Xinhua News Agency (photo by Zhang Jingang)

  Domestic tourism increased by 70.83% year-on-year, and domestic tourism income increased by 128.90% year-on-year, and tourism demand broke out; The number of hotel bookings on the platform has increased by more than 10 times compared with 2019, and the average daily consumption scale of the life service industry has increased by 133% compared with the same period of 2019, welcoming the most prosperous May Day &hellip in five years; … During the just-concluded "May Day" holiday, the consumer market handed over a bright report card, and many data performances exceeded expectations.

  Holiday consumption is an important window to observe the economic vitality of China. Experts in the industry pointed out that the popularity of travel is rising, it is hard to find a "table" in popular restaurants, and night tours are emerging one after another. Behind the surge of people in many places during the "May 1" holiday, it reflects the strong resilience and domestic demand vitality of the domestic consumer market. In the future, with the continuous release of demand, the recovery of the consumer market will add "firepower".

  The enthusiasm for traveling is high, and the demand is concentrated.

  This year’s "May 1" holiday, the tourism market ushered in a consumption blowout, and the enthusiasm of domestic tourists for travel was high, and the demand for travel was fully released.

  According to the data of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism on the evening of the 3rd, during the May Day holiday in 2023, there were 274 million domestic tourist trips, up 70.83% year-on-year. Domestic tourism revenue reached 148.056 billion yuan, up 128.90% year-on-year.

  It is noteworthy that while the domestic tourism market is booming as a whole, new trends and new kinetic energy have emerged in some tourism markets.

  The reporter noted that in addition to the traditional popular tourist cities, many niche tourist destinations are also blessed by the "spillover" effect, which ushered in a large passenger flow growth. According to the data of Qunar platform, in previous years, such as Dehong, Zibo, Gannan, Yili, Kashgar, Huai ‘an and other relatively unpopular cities, the number of hotel reservations on May 1 this year increased by more than 10 times compared with 2019.

  At the same time, the integration of culture and tourism is more obvious, and the supply of products is more abundant, meeting the needs of tourists for diversified products. According to the data of Flying Pig, during the "May 1" period, the "scenic spot/paradise +X" products including Hanfu, travel photography, exhibitions and other experience elements were very popular, and the booking volume increased by more than 10 times compared with last year.

  According to the statistics of the Ministry of Culture and Tourism, during the May 1 holiday, 31,100 commercial performances were held nationwide, with a box office income of 1.519 billion yuan and about 8,654,900 people attending the performances. "Travel+Performing Arts" and "Travel+Exhibition" are favored by the market, and the spillover effect of tourism in surrounding consumption scenes becomes more and more obvious.

  "This year ‘ May Day ’ The fiery tourism market will have many impacts on domestic consumption and economic development. " Dai Bin, president of china tourism academy, said, firstly, the sustained improvement of tourism can stabilize the confidence of the domestic consumer market and directly drive the macro-economic growth. Secondly, tourism consumption has a strong comprehensive pulling effect on the upstream service industry and manufacturing industry. At the same time, the role of tourism in promoting employment is also very impressive, and the growth of employment will increase the income of residents, and then drive the healthy, stable and sustainable growth of the whole macro-economy.

  Commodity services are booming, and consumption in many fields is heating up.

  In addition to the popularity of cultural tourism, life services such as catering have also entered the summer ahead of schedule. Abalone braised pork, fried shrimp, shredded eel with oil … … In the restaurant "Xingxing Shanghai Local Cuisine", which is located in Manle City, Shanghai, a series of old Shanghai-style delicacies are presented on the table, and the diners are in an endless stream and popular. "Not only the places in the store, but also the places outside the store are all full. Many diners have come from other places." Bao Yongli, head of the restaurant, said.

  "This time ‘ May Day ’ The passenger flow is more than before, and all kinds of snacks and fast food in the store are basically swept away, and the replenishment is a bit behind. " The clerk of a convenience store in Beijing Railway Station told reporters while he was busy.

  During the "May Day" period, such scenes can be seen everywhere in the country. According to the data of Meituan, in the first three days of the holiday, the average daily consumption scale of the national life service industry increased by 133% compared with the same period of 2019, welcoming the most prosperous "May Day" in five years.

  According to the business big data monitoring of the Ministry of Commerce, the sales of key retail and catering enterprises nationwide increased by 18.9% year-on-year during the May 1 holiday.

  The retail market is also full of bright spots, especially the goods related to travel. For example, in Suning.cn, 3C products of travel household appliances continue to sell well, and constant temperature milk warmer and bottle sterilizer have become popular search keywords; In the acquisition App, the sales of portable fans, juice cups, charging treasures, Bluetooth headsets and suitcases have increased greatly; On the US delegation, the orders related to trendy projects such as city cycling, camping in the wild and land surfing increased by more than 200% compared with the Spring Festival holiday & hellip; …

  Tamia Liu, deputy director and researcher of the Institute of Market Economy of the State Council Development Research Center, analyzed in an interview with the Economic Information Daily that this year’s "May 1" holiday was full of consumer popularity, with both sales and purchases booming. He analyzed that people’s consumption enthusiasm is high, the travel radius is obviously expanded, and the consumption passenger flow in many places has recovered or even exceeded the same period in 2019. At the same time, various businesses lost no time in launching diversified promotional activities, and some government departments actively created characteristic consumption formats and scenarios, which also stimulated the obvious growth of consumption.

  Continuously stimulate the potential and consolidate the endogenous motivation of consumption

  Experts in the industry believe that through the popularity of holiday consumption, what they see is the huge potential and surging momentum of the domestic demand market. Guan Lixin, a researcher at the Institute of Circulation and Consumption of the Research Institute of the Ministry of Commerce, said that from the supply side, innovations in the consumer market during the May 1 holiday emerged one after another, from the creation of immersive scenes and the provision of refined services to the optimization of the urban business environment; From the demand side, experiential consumption is released centrally, and diversified service consumption such as food, beautiful scenery, camping and exhibition is accelerated. "These new highlights show the resilience and vitality of China’s huge domestic market, and the endogenous power of consumption is increasing in consolidation." She told reporters.

  Li Jiwei, vice president of Meituan Research Institute, also believes that the consumption enthusiasm aroused by the May 1 holiday will play an important role in boosting consumption throughout the year, which will help to further expand domestic demand, continuously stimulate consumption potential and help the domestic economy to develop steadily.

  Looking forward to the next step, Tamia Liu pointed out that to promote the sustained recovery of consumption and accelerate recovery, we must continue to promote higher quality and more adequate employment, increase income and enhance consumption power; Improve the quality of goods and services, expand consumption scenarios, and make full use of digital technology to improve the adaptability and innovation of diversified supply.

  The reporter noted that relevant measures are being accelerated. On April 28th, the Political Bureau of the Communist Party of China (CPC) Central Committee held a meeting, which made it clear that "restoring and expanding demand is the key to the sustained economic recovery" and proposed that "the income of urban and rural residents should be increased through multiple channels, the consumption environment should be improved, and the consumption of cultural tourism and other services should be promoted". Relevant departments and local governments are also actively making arrangements. Recently, a number of departments have launched the "Double-product Online Shopping Festival" nationwide, and various localities have successively launched cultural and tourism series activities to benefit the people in combination with the theme month activities of "May 19 China Tourism Day".

  In Guan Lixin’s view, multiple deployments from the central government to the local government are conducive to continuously enhancing consumption capacity, improving consumption conditions, innovating consumption scenarios, and better meeting people’s needs for a better life. "With the support of these measures to promote consumption, the consumer market will pick up steadily, and consumption will continue to be the primary driving force for economic growth."

  Tamia Liu also believes that with the continuous improvement of economic operation, governments at all levels have made remarkable efforts to promote consumption policies and measures. It is expected that consumption will continue to maintain obvious recovery growth in the future, and the main driving force for economic growth will be further consolidated.

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Diablo: A German drama with nearly perfect score, with no bad ending.

Note: this article contains spoilers, but spoilers do not affect the viewing of this play.

Does free will really exist? Netflix’s German drama "Dark" can shake even the most determined people who believe this.

The third season (the final season) released on June 27 th closed the distorted old and new worlds, and the complicated puzzles in the 28 episodes of the third season were put back in place. The tragic fate of many characters’ cycles dissipated in the fog of the god of time, and the "Original World" resumed the simple linear flow of time.

Poster of Diablo Season 3

In the last shot, we saw pictures of the wall that once haunted everyone in Wendeng town, most of whom never existed. On June 21, 1986, the clockmaker mistakenly turned on the time machine, which destroyed his "original world" and split the old and new worlds. Since then, the residents of Wendeng town have fallen into a closed loop, and the reproduction of life has become a mother-daughter paradox. Incest, killing relatives, killing children and killing themselves from another time and space have occurred constantly, and everyone has sipped the bitter wine that fate has already prepared.

In the first two seasons, the jumping timeline gradually pieced together the scene that "everything is closed loop and everything is destiny". Many characters have a sense of "Déjà vu" at a certain moment, and the experience of peeping through the tree of life is actually a cycle of fear. The town of Wendeng, a place of tragedy. Everyone has the pain of bereavement, and the motive that drives them to kill is attachment, and they want to save their loved ones/everyone by changing the "past".

The philosophical, religious and scientific system of Diablo is based on the evolution of the West in the past thousands of years. The religious view of birth-death-rebirth in ancient Egypt observes the life and death of the characters in the play, and the study of time by modern physics has become the theoretical basis of time machine and parallel universe. Classical dualism: life and death, light and darkness, corresponding to the fission of the old and new worlds, and two teams of time travelers headed by Adam (Jonah) and Eve (Martha) with contradictory goals.

From this point of view, Diablo is a master. It not only rarely combines the fatalistic closed loop of time travel with the fate bifurcation of the parallel universe in genre dramas, but also tortures the root of fatalism by tracing the fate trajectory of the characters in an extremely cold way.

Every character that Wendeng appeared on the stage has its own epic. The best part of the script is that a character has the opportunity to meet himself at different ages, or confront, cooperate or even kill each other. When the fog was still heavy in the first two seasons, the audience could not tell whether the elderly Jonah, Martha and Claudia were lying to their younger selves, nor could they know their intention of crossing frequently. There is only a vague feeling that the old man is like a pool ball, guiding fate to realize his intention. They don’t care who they kill, just let everything repeat, what’s the point of taking the "right" road at the critical turning point?

As I said before, every character in Diablo is sad. Tragedy can be roughly divided into two types: 1) the young self can’t understand it, and at the same time tries to avoid becoming the old self, but in the end, the course of life repeats itself and the hateful cycle can’t be broken. 2) Everyone who wants to change the story and save their loved ones has failed, either here or there, and finally tragedy is always staged.

But they are all fighters, and no one becomes a numb fatalist after repeated crits, willing to accept the "fate arrangement" calmly. Young people struggle with their old selves, and those who see the mystery of the cycle resist flagrantly. The fate of Nelson and his wife will surely remain in their hearts long after the end of the play.

Ulich Nelson, who traveled through time to find his missing son, was imprisoned as a madman in a madhouse for decades. Finally, I found my son, and my father and son fled to the mouth of Time Cave because of a little magic trick, which almost succeeded and eventually failed. When ulich’s wife, Katrina, robbed the time machine, she found old ulich and tried to save him from the madhouse. Unfortunately, it happened again. She was killed by a young mother who was not pregnant with her (she didn’t know her and mistook deja vu for a sign of the devil) and became a female ghost in the lake.

In the third season, the more accelerated and fragmentary timeline clips clearly show everyone’s futility and despair to the audience. Because of the situation, talent and destiny, the Wendeng people trapped in the closed loop gradually divided into four types. The first one, represented by Katrina and Hannah, has not yet discovered that the world is closed-loop, acting on instinct and realizing the true meaning of life little by little in pain. The second is represented by time travelers, who find the existence of closed loop, realize how the tree of life was created, and personally promote the kindness and incest needed for reproduction; Have faith, stand with Adam or Eve, and understand your responsibilities in the old and new worlds. The third is Jonah and Martha, that is, Adam and Eve. They have a firm belief in the cycle, and the process is like the birth of religion. One group prides itself on the light, and the other believes in nothingness, all driven by love. Adam wants to end the cycle. His ideal heaven is forgetting and nothingness, and everyone doesn’t have to suffer again and again. Eve hoped that the cycle would never end, so that she and Adam’s son could be born again and again. The fourth kind has only one person, Claudia, the "white devil". Only after collecting enough pieces can she complete the whole puzzle, find out the real origin of the cycle, and have the courage to eliminate two worlds that should not exist, so that her daughter Regina in the "primitive world" can live.

The most ignorant are the Catalina, but they break through their fate like warriors in an attempt to save their loved ones. They are most like the tragic heroes of ancient Greece, who fought against fate with the determination to realize free will and won the greatest respect from the audience. The most unfortunate thing is that travelers in time and space mistakenly believe in Adam and Eve, always carrying out orders and never breaking the rules. The deepest implication is Jonah and Martha. Their enemies and mentors are always their older selves, symbolizing the human beings who have repeatedly had youth and repeatedly become rigid and old-the old always want to keep things as usual, and the old always want to control the young.

Adam and Eve, who became similar religious leaders in self-reinforcement, could not see the real crux. Only Claudia, who is eager to save the woman, is single-handed and pure-minded, and neither wants to destroy the two worlds nor promote the cycle indefinitely. How did she guess the origin? The secret can’t be leaked. The screenwriter hid the secret, perhaps to imply the existence of higher power. If time itself is God, he doesn’t need to pay attention to this mischievous joke. Let a person find the "knot" and break it, and there is no need for a reason.

Diablo seems to describe the appearance of modern religion, and there is not necessarily an omniscient and omnipotent god. In other words, time is God, and he may not have the will that human beings can understand, but human joys and sorrows, life and death are all decided by him.

This "god" will not pity the sadness of the two worlds born like a tumor, and will not make any noise, give no guidance, and be completely silent. Finally, Jonah and Martha decided to go back to the real origin-before the watchmaker’s son died in a car accident, so as to prevent the watchmaker from building a time machine to bring back the dead. The price is that they and all the people born in the distorted world of the old and the new will disappear.

Jonah and Martha’s consciousness and self-sacrifice contain the philosophy of eastern and western religions. Let go of your obsession and admit that you are the product of mistakes, as if you were taught by Buddha. Sacrifice yourself, break the cycle, let the "primitive world" return to normal, and embrace the spirit of Christ.

Regardless of whether the God of Time exists or not, the sinful and bloody town of Wendeng, which witnessed numerous human crimes, should not cease to exist like the last toast of Katrina. Even if Jonah, Martha and many others were never born, they were just dreams or deja vu of others. It is meaningful to fight and seek like this.

In the last scene, in a thunderstorm, Hannah, Katrina, Doppler and others who have never experienced all this have dinner. Hannah, who is pregnant, suddenly wants to name her future child Jonah. There are more than one way to understand this ending. Behind the sense of deja vu that everyone will encounter may accommodate such a magnificent epic. Another possibility is much darker: Hannah gave birth to Jonah and started the cycle again, but it didn’t end.

[Specially published by Shanghai Literature and Art Review Special Fund]

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Creative long picture | General Secretary is deeply concerned about people on the snowy plateau.

  Tibet is cold and oxygen-deficient, and the environment is hard. General Secretary of the Supreme Leader is deeply concerned about people living in this land. In July, 2021, when the Supreme Leader visited Tibet, he emphasized that to promote the high-quality development of Tibet, we should insist that all development should be given the meaning of national unity and progress, improve people’s livelihood and unite people’s hearts, and be conducive to enhancing the sense of acquisition, happiness and security of the people of all ethnic groups.

  People of all ethnic groups in Tibet bear in mind the earnest entrustment of the General Secretary, unite as one, forge ahead, and jointly paint a picture of high-quality development of Tibet’s economic prosperity and social stability.

↓↓↓Click on the picture↓↓↓


  Chief planner: Ren Weidong

  Chief producer: Xu Zhuangzhi

  Producer: Chu Guoqiang, Chang Ailing

  Planning: Qi Huijie, Zhou Ning and Ling Wei’s family

  Producer: Hu Guoxiang, Zhai Yongguan

  Final review: Zhang Shuqi Kang Lilin Jiang Chen.

  Reporter: Qiu Xingxiang Li Jian

  Design: Nie Yi

  Editor: Chen Qian Nie Yi

  Technical support: He Liu

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Complete solution of basic knowledge of ASIC chip

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This article is reproduced from WeChat WeChat official account’s "Intelligent Computing Core World" by Hao Zi. Reprint this article, please contact WeChat official account of Intelligent Computing Core World.

ASIC (Application Specific Integrated Circuit) chip is an application-specific integrated circuit, which is designed and manufactured from the root level according to the user’s demand for a specific electronic system. Its computing power and efficiency can be customized according to the algorithm needs, and it is the product of fixed algorithm optimization design. ASIC chip module can be widely used in intelligent terminals such as artificial intelligence equipment, virtual currency mining equipment, consumable printing equipment and military defense equipment.

On the hardware level, ASIC chip is composed of basic silicon material, gallium phosphide, gallium arsenide, gallium nitride and other materials. On the physical structure level, ASIC chip module is made up of IP cores such as plug-in storage unit, power manager, audio picture processor and network circuit. The same chip module can carry one or several ASIC chips with the same or different functions to meet one or more specific requirements.

(1) ASIC chips can be divided into fully customized ASIC chips, semi-customized ASIC chips and programmable ASIC chips according to different customization degrees.

Fully customized ASIC chip is one of the chips with the highest degree of customization. R&D personnel design logic units with different functions based on different circuit structures, and build analog circuits, storage units and mechanical structures on the chip board. The logic units are connected by masks, and the mask of ASIC chip is also highly customized.

The design cost of fully customized ASIC chips is high, and the average design time per chip module exceeds 9 weeks. This kind of chip is usually used for advanced applications.

Compared with semi-customized ASIC chips, fully customized ASIC chips perform well in performance and power consumption. For the same function, under the premise of the same process, the average computing power output of fully customized ASIC chip is about 8 times that of semi-customized ASIC chip, and the performance of fully customized ASIC chip with 24 nm process is better than that of semi-customized ASIC chip with 5 nm process.

Most of the logic units that make up the semi-custom ASIC chip are taken from the standard logic unit library, and some of them are customized according to specific requirements. Compared with fully customized ASIC chips, the design cost is lower and the flexibility is higher.

Semi-custom ASIC chips can be subdivided into gate array chips and standard cell chips according to the different matching modes of standard logic cells and custom logic cells.

A, gate array chip

Gate array ASIC chip includes channel gate array, channel-free gate array and structured gate array. In the gate array ASIC chip structure, the predetermined transistor position on the silicon wafer cannot be changed, and designers often adjust the interconnection structure of logic units by changing the metal layer at the bottom of the chip.

Channel gate array ASIC chip: the position of transistors in this chip is highly fixed, and designers can lay out the circuit in the predefined blank space between transistor rows;

Channel-free gate array ASIC chip: under the channel-free structure, there is no circuit layout space between transistor rows, and designers usually wire above the gate array unit;

Structured gate array ASIC chip: This structure includes basic gate array rows and embedded blocks. Embedding blocks can improve the flexibility of circuit layout, but it limits the chip size. Under this structure, the use efficiency of line layout area is higher, the design cost is lower and the turnaround time is shorter.

B, standard unit

This kind of ASIC chip consists of logic cells selected from the standard cell library. Designers can arrange standard cells by themselves according to the algorithm requirements. In addition to standard cells, fixed blocks such as microcontrollers and microprocessors can also be used for standard cell ASIC chip architecture.

Broadly speaking, programmable ASIC chips can be divided into FPGA chips and PLD chips. In the actual production process, the number of research institutions and enterprises that classify FPGA chips as different from ASIC chips is increasing, so this report only regards PLD(Programmable Logic Device) as a subcategory of programmable ASIC chips.

PLD, also known as programmable logic device, structurally includes basic logic cell matrix, flip-flop, latch, etc., and its interconnection part exists as a single module. Designers program PLD to meet the needs of some customized applications.

(2) ASIC chips can be classified into TPU chips, BPU chips and NPU chips according to different terminal functions.

① TPU is a tensor processor, which is specially used for machine learning. For example, Google developed in May 2016.

The programmable AI accelerator of Tensorflow platform, its internal instruction set can run when Tensorflow program changes or updates the algorithm.

② BPU is a brain processor, which is an embedded artificial intelligence processor architecture proposed by Horizon Technology.

③ NPU is a neural network processor, which simulates human neurons and synapses at the circuit level, and directly processes large-scale electronic neurons and synapses data with a deep learning instruction set.

Traditional chips, such as CPU, generate results by reading and executing external program code instructions. Relatively speaking, ASIC chips read original input data signals and directly generate output signals after internal logic circuit operations.

(1) Advantages:

Compared with CPU, GPU, FPGA and other types of chips, ASIC chips have multiple advantages in the application of special systems, which are embodied in the following aspects.

① Area advantage: ASIC chips are designed to avoid redundant logic units, processing units, registers, storage units and other architectures, and are constructed in the form of pure digital logic circuits, which is conducive to reducing the chip area. For small area chips, wafers with the same specifications can be cut into more chips, which is helpful for enterprises to reduce wafer costs.

② Energy consumption advantage: ASIC chips consume less energy per computing power than CPU, GPU and FPGA. For example, GPU consumes about 0.4 watts of power per computing power, while ASIC consumes about 0.2 watts of power per computing power, which can better meet the energy consumption restrictions of new smart home appliances.

③ Integration advantages: Due to the customized design, ASIC chip system, circuit and process are highly integrated, which helps customers to obtain high-performance integrated circuits.

④ Price advantage: Due to the characteristics of small size, high running speed and low power consumption, the price of ASIC chips is much lower than that of CPU, GPU and FPGA chips. At present, the average price of ASIC chips in the global market is about $3, and if it reaches mass production scale in the long run, the price of ASIC chips is expected to continue to decline.

(2) Disadvantages:

① ASIC chips have a high degree of customization, long design and development cycle, and the finished products need physical design and reliability verification, so the time to market is slow.

② ASIC chips are highly dependent on algorithms. The high-speed updating iteration of artificial intelligence algorithm leads to the high frequency of ASIC chip updating.

③ Because ASIC chips are highly customized and the research and development cycle is relatively long, the risk of ASIC products being eliminated by the market is expanded.

① Google launched TPU in 2016. Google’s 2017 version of AlphaGo physical processor is embedded with four TPU’s, which can support Google cloud TPU platform and machine learning supercomputer.

② In August 2014, IBM introduced the second generation TrueNorth chip with a manufacturing process of 28 nm by simulating the brain structure, which can be applied to real-time video processing.

③ Intel introduced Xeon series ASIC chips in 2017. This series of chips can act as processors independently, without additional host processors and auxiliary processors, and can be applied to machine deep learning.

④ The ASIC chip based on the new neuromorphological computing architecture introduced by Stanford University is 9,000 times faster than ordinary computers, and can simulate about 1 million brain neurons and billions of synaptic connections.

⑤ Emerging science and technology enterprises expand the application of ASIC chips to security, assisted driving, traditional household appliances, smart medical care and other fields.

The basis for the continuous growth of sales scale of ASIC chip products in China includes but is not limited to the following factors:

① Edge computing field will become the main revenue field of special deep learning ASIC chips.

② Consumer electronic products such as mobile communication devices, head-mounted display devices (AR, VR, MR), tablet computers, drones, smart home devices, etc. will become the concentrated application fields of ASIC chip products.

③ Deep learning processors based on graphics architecture are popular, and ASIC is more suitable for computing environment with graphics architecture.

④ It is predicted that around 2022, artificial intelligence terminal equipment capable of training and reasoning at the same time will become more popular, and ASIC chips will be imported into such equipment in large quantities.

Reference source: China ASIC chip industry boutique report.

 

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China’s e-commerce is developing rapidly and permeates all fields of social life.

  CCTV News:At 14: 00 on December 28th, the 2nd China E-commerce Lecturer Competition (2017) was held in Beijing Kunlun Hotel, co-sponsored by China International E-commerce Center of the Ministry of Commerce, China Association for Continuing Engineering Education, E-commerce Teaching Steering Committee of Colleges and Universities of the Ministry of Education and National Foreign Trade Vocational Education Teaching Steering Committee of the Ministry of Education.

  In recent years, China’s e-commerce has developed rapidly, and has widely penetrated into all fields of social life, becoming an important way to promote economic transformation and upgrading, promote social and economic development, and promote mass entrepreneurship and innovation. However, at present, the contradiction between supply and demand of e-commerce talents is prominent, which has become the main bottleneck restricting the development of e-commerce in China.

  The key to developing e-commerce is talents, and the key to cultivating talents is teachers. According to the State Council’s Guiding Opinions on Actively Promoting "internet plus Action" and the State Council’s Opinions on Vigorously Developing E-commerce and Accelerating the Cultivation of New Economic Motives, the Outline of the National Medium-and Long-Term Talent Development Plan (2010-2020), the Ministry of Commerce’s Guiding Opinions on Accelerating the Training of E-commerce Talents and the Thirteenth Five-Year Development Plan of E-commerce, In order to find and cultivate e-commerce lecturer talents, improve the overall level of national e-commerce training, build an influential e-commerce training service system and promote the development of local e-commerce, China International E-commerce Center of the Ministry of Commerce, in conjunction with local governments, cooperative institutions and authoritative media, successfully held the first China E-commerce Lecturer Competition in 2016, and continued to launch the second China E-commerce Lecturer Competition "Zhongrong Cross-Hong Kong Cup" in 2017, which is open to universities, vocational colleges, industry organizations and the whole country.

  This China E-commerce Lecturer Competition is conducted in six stages: player registration, primary selection, training, preliminary competition, semi-final competition and final competition. The contest is divided into East China, South China, Northeast China, Northwest China and Southwest China. East China is located in Suzhou, Jiangsu Province, South China is located in Jieyang, Guangdong Province, Northeast China is located in Shenyang, Liaoning Province, Northwest China is located in Yinchuan, Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, and Southwest China is located in Kunming, Yunnan Province. This contest has received strong support from the Department of Commerce of Ningxia Hui Autonomous Region, Guangdong Province, Liaoning Province, Yunnan Province and Suzhou Industrial Park Management Committee. The contest was launched in October, and nearly 700 contestants signed up for the competition. After fierce competition in the preliminary round of the division and the national semi-final, the top 10 contestants successfully advanced to the national finals. After three rounds of competition, including "self-selected proposition", "prescribed proposition" and "ultimate PK", the top 10 players finally decided on the national championship of the second China E-commerce Lecturer Competition.

  Yao Guanghai, secretary of the Party Committee of China International Electronic Commerce Center, pointed out that the success of this competition will surely arouse the attention of all sectors of society on the construction of e-commerce talent training system, and further promote the healthy and rapid development of e-commerce nationwide.

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Chapter II Copyright Section III Period of Protection of Rights

Article 20 The term of protection of an author’s right of authorship, right of revision and right of protecting the integrity of a work is unlimited.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the duration of protection of the author’s right of signature, right of revision and right to protect the integrity of the work.
The term of protection of copyright refers to the effective period during which the copyright owner enjoys the exclusive right to the work, that is, the period stipulated by law to protect the copyright of the copyright owner. During the period of copyright protection, the author or other citizens, legal persons or other organizations who enjoy copyright according to law enjoy copyright in the work, and others need to obtain permission from the copyright owner according to law and pay corresponding remuneration for using the work. When the term of copyright protection expires, the copyright owner will lose his copyright, and the work will enter the public domain. People can use the work without the permission of the copyright owner and can use the work for free. Thus, the term of protection of copyright means that within a certain period stipulated by law, copyright is protected according to law; Beyond this statutory time limit, copyright will no longer be protected by law. It is one of the ways to restrict the copyright enjoyed by copyright owners.
The right of authorship is the author’s right to show his identity and sign his name on the work, which is the author’s most basic personal right; The right to modify is the right of the author to modify or authorize others to modify his work before or after its publication; The right to protect the integrity of works is the author’s right to protect his works from distortion and tampering, which is an important right in the author’s personal rights. The copyright law stipulates that the protection period of these rights of the author is unlimited, which shows that the author’s right of signature, modification and protection of the integrity of the work will always be protected by law. During the life of the author (citizen) or during the existence of the legal person or other organization, if the author forcibly signs the work, deletes the author’s name as non-author, plagiarizes the work, modifies or abridges the work without the author’s consent, and distorts and falsifies the work contrary to the author’s original intention, destroys the true meaning of the work and damages the author’s reputation, the author may ask the infringer to stop the infringement, eliminate the influence and publicly apologize according to law. After the death of the author’s citizen, the author’s right of signature, modification and protection of the integrity of the work shall be protected by his successor or legatee; After the termination or change of the legal person or other organization as the author, these rights shall be protected by the legal person or other organization that bears its rights and obligations. If the author has no heir, legatee or legal person or other organization that bears his rights and obligations,The state will protect its right of authorship, modification and integrity of works from infringement.
The author’s right to sign, modify and protect the integrity of the work belongs to the personal rights in copyright. Because these personal rights of the author in copyright can only be enjoyed by the author himself in principle (even after the death of a citizen as an author, his personal rights can still be reflected through the existence of his works), and can exist independently of property rights; Because these rights are directly related to the author’s morality, intelligence, reputation and honor, and involve the ownership of the work, and whether the work truly reflects the author’s original intention, the protection of these rights of the author is not only a problem before the author’s death, but also a permanent problem. It can’t be imagined that although Cao Xueqin, the author of the classic Dream of Red Mansions, has already passed away, this work has already entered the public domain in the sense of property, so we can change the original author’s signature or change the specific historical environment involved in the work. If so, we can’t guarantee that works, especially excellent works, will be better disseminated and utilized from generation to generation. In addition, if the author’s right of signature, modification and protection of the integrity of the work are not given permanent legal protection, then, after the expiration of the protection period, if someone changes the author’s signature or the content of the work, although it can be condemned by public opinion, but because this behavior is no longer in the category of copyright infringement,Therefore, it is impossible to effectively stop and sanction such acts as copyright infringement through legal channels.
This provision of the Copyright Law tells us that when the protection period of the author’s property rights and other rights ends, people can freely use their works by copying, distributing, renting, exhibiting, performing, screening, broadcasting, filming, adaptation, translation and assembly, but they have no right to change the author’s signature and the content of the works, otherwise they will be investigated for legal responsibility for copyright infringement, which can effectively guarantee the original dissemination of the works without being infringed.
        
Article 21 The term of protection of a citizen’s right of publication and the rights stipulated in Items (5) to (17) of Paragraph 1 of Article 10 of this Law shall be the author’s life and fifty years after his death, ending on December 31 of the fiftieth year after his death; If it is a cooperative work, it ends on December 31st of the fiftieth year after the death of the last deceased author.
The term of protection for the works of legal persons or other organizations, as well as the works in which the copyright (except the right of authorship) is enjoyed by legal persons or other organizations, and the rights specified in Items (5) to (17) of Paragraph 1 of Article 10 of this Law shall be fifty years, ending on December 31st of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the works. However, if the works have not been published within fifty years after the completion of the creation, this Law will no longer protect them.
For cinematographic works, works created by methods similar to cinematography and photographic works, the term of protection of the right of publication and the rights specified in Items (5) to (17) of Paragraph 1 of Article 10 of this Law is fifty years, ending on December 31st of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the works. However, if the works are not published within fifty years after the completion of the creation, this Law will no longer protect them.
[Interpretation] This article provides for the protection period of the author’s right of publication and property rights.
The protection and restriction of copyright are determined by two factors: fully and properly protecting the legitimate rights and interests of copyright owners, encouraging creation, and facilitating the dissemination of works and promoting the development and prosperity of culture and science. On the one hand, copyright should be protected, so that copyright owners, especially authors, can enjoy personal rights and get economic benefits from the dissemination and use of their works. When the author’s personal rights and property rights are protected by law, their creative enthusiasm will be fully encouraged and brought into full play, and more and better works will be created for social use. After the death of a citizen who is an author, the property right in his copyright can be inherited by his successor according to law or transferred by bequest, and the author’s successor or legatee can enjoy the property right of the work just like the author. On the other hand, with the development and progress of society and the cultural needs of the public, works, as a spiritual product, need to be more widely spread and used by the society in a timely manner, and the property rights of authors and other copyright owners cannot last forever. Therefore, it is necessary to restrict the copyright of the copyright owner. If there is no restriction on the protection of copyright and there is no time constraint on the exercise of copyright, then the protection of copyright will conflict with the interests of the public.It will become an obstacle to the development of culture, science and technology, education and other undertakings.
In order to ensure the normal use of works, especially excellent works, and make them widely and timely spread and exchange, it is necessary and appropriate to restrict the exercise of copyright owners’ rights while protecting their rights. On this issue, China’s copyright law stipulates a "fair use" system in which a work can be used under certain conditions without permission and without payment to the copyright owner; And the "legal permission" system that you can use a work under legal conditions without the permission of the copyright owner and only pay the remuneration to the copyright owner after use. In addition, the protection period of copyright is stipulated in order to give necessary restrictions on the exercise of copyright owners’ rights in time. Once the term of protection expires, the copyright enjoyed by the copyright owner will be extinguished, and the work will enter the public domain and become the common wealth of society. Anyone can use the work without the permission of the copyright owner and without paying remuneration to him.
Article 21 of the Copyright Law stipulates the time limit for the protection of copyright owners’ rights of publication, property rights (reproduction, distribution, lease, exhibition, performance, projection, broadcasting, information network dissemination, filming, adaptation, translation and assembly, etc.), and it depends on different copyright subjects (citizens and legal persons, other organizations) and different types of works (general works and films and photographic works) Within the prescribed period of rights protection, the copyright owner can fully exercise his rights in accordance with the law, decide whether the work should be published and in what form, decide how to use the work himself and whether to allow others to use the work, and get corresponding remuneration when others use his work. However, once the term of protection of rights has expired, the copyright law will no longer protect the copyright owner’s right to publish and property, and the work will enter the public domain, and people can use the work without the permission of the copyright owner and without paying remuneration. The significance of this provision lies in promoting the works to be more widely spread in society, enriching the public’s cultural life and promoting the development of science and technology on the premise of giving proper protection to the property rights in copyright and making the copyright owner obtain reasonable economic income.
It is worth mentioning that the right of publication, the right of signature, the right of revision and the right to protect the integrity of works belong to the author’s personal rights. Why should the copyright law limit the protection of the right of publication? This is because, compared with several other personal rights, the right of publication has its special features. First of all, the publication of works will bring economic benefits to the author, which makes the right of publication a personal right directly related to property rights; Secondly, after the author’s death, termination or change, this right can be managed and exercised by his heirs, legatees or units that bear his rights and obligations, and economic benefits can be obtained based on the publication of the work. Therefore, on the issue of the duration of protection of the right of publication, measures similar to property rights should be taken. In addition, in order to meet the spiritual needs of the public and promote the early publication of works, it is also necessary to limit the protection of the right of publication in time.
I. Protection Period of Citizens’ Works
For the protection period of general works created by natural persons, all countries in the world follow the principle of "the author’s lifetime plus several years after his death". Only in different countries, there are different regulations on the protection period of the author’s rights after death. Some countries stipulate 25 years and 30 years; Some countries stipulate 60, 70 or 80 years; More countries, such as Britain, France, Italy, Sweden, Switzerland, Denmark, Japan, the Philippines, Singapore, Egypt, the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries stipulate 50 years.
The first paragraph of Article 21 of China’s Copyright Law stipulates that the protection period of the publication right and property right of works created by citizens, such as words, dictation, music, drama, folk art, dance and art, is "the author’s life and fifty years after his death", which is the same as the protection period stipulated by most countries in the world.
According to the provisions of the copyright law, the author’s right to publish and property rights are protected by law during the protection period of 50 years before his death and after his death. No one may publish a work against the will of the copyright owner; Unless otherwise specified by law, anyone who uses a work by copying, distributing, renting, exhibiting, performing, playing, filming or adapting, translating or assembling must obtain the permission of the copyright owner and pay remuneration to him. Otherwise, the author or the author’s heirs and legatees have the right to require them to bear corresponding legal responsibilities in accordance with the law.
Why does China’s copyright law stipulate that the protection period of the author’s rights after death is 50 years, not shorter or longer? To determine how long the protection period is appropriate, we should not only consider the development level of copyright protection in China and the social demand for works, but also consider the needs of opening up and international cultural and scientific exchanges, as well as international practices. According to relevant statistics, at present, most countries in the world stipulate that the post-death protection period of the author’s property rights is 50 years. If China’s copyright law makes such a provision, it can be consistent with most countries and achieve equivalence. In addition, the Berne Convention also stipulates: "The protection period given by this Convention shall be within the author’s lifetime and fifty years after his death." According to the principle of minimum protection of international copyright protection, the protection of works of other States parties by States parties cannot be lower than the standard of the convention. On the issue of protection period, it needs to be longer than or equal to the period stipulated in the convention.
The term of protection of the rights of ordinary works created by citizens is generally stipulated in various countries as the author’s lifetime plus several years after his death. However, when the post-death protection period of the author’s rights begins to be calculated, the provisions of various countries are not consistent. To sum up, there are mainly the following methods: counting from the beginning of the year of the author’s death; From the end of the year of the author’s death (December 31st); From the beginning of the second year of the author’s death (L 1); However, in some countries, in order to avoid shortening or extending the protection period due to the error in time calculation, the calculation method is adopted from the time when the specific event occurs (the date of the author’s death).
Regarding the calculation of the protection period after the death of the author, China’s copyright law only stipulates the deadline, that is, "as of December 31 of the fiftieth year after the death of the author", and does not stipulate the starting date. The calculation method of the deadline is "December 31st of the fiftieth year after the death of the author", and the year after the death is the year after the death of the author, counting from this year to December 31st of the fiftieth year. For example, when a composer died in May 1990, the post-death protection period for his rights should be 1991 as the first year after his death and expire on December 31, 2040.
II. Determination of the term of protection of cooperative works
A cooperative work is a work created jointly by two or more people. Under normal circumstances, its copyright is shared by the co-authors. In view of the differences in the age and life span of co-authors, the copyright law stipulates that the term of protection of the publishing right and property right of the creators of such works shall end on December 31, the fiftieth year after the death of the last deceased author. That is to say, for cooperative works, the protection period should be determined based on the last dead author. This practice is also a common practice in the world. Many countries in the world determine the term of protection of cooperative works based on the lifetime of the last deceased co-author, plus several years after his death. However, some countries stipulate that the protection period of the author of a cooperative work after death starts from the death of one of the co-authors (that is, the first deceased author). According to the Berne Convention, the protection period after the death of a co-author shall be counted from the death of the last co-author.
Paragraph 2 of Article 13 of China’s Copyright Law stipulates: "If a cooperative work can be used separately, the authors can enjoy the copyright separately for the parts they created." According to this regulation, when a co-author exercises the copyright of a part of a cooperative work that can be used separately, the general provisions on the term of protection of the cooperative work do not apply, but should be calculated by the method of the author’s lifetime and 50 years after his death.
Three, about the legal person or other organization’s work, copyright (except the right of signature) by the unit to enjoy the protection period of the work.
For the works created by legal persons or other organizations and the copyright (except the right of signature), the copyright law stipulates that the protection period of the publishing right and property right enjoyed by legal persons or other organizations is 50 years, ending on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the works. At the same time, it also stipulates that if such works are not published within 50 years after their creation, the copyright law will no longer protect them.
As can be seen from the provisions of the Copyright Law, the term of protection for the works of legal persons or other organizations, as well as the works of posts whose copyright (except the right of signature) is enjoyed by legal persons or other organizations, is different from that of works created by citizens. The reason is that legal persons and other organizations are not natural persons, and their duration can be short or long, and there are no rules to follow. Naturally, the general protection period based on the life of natural persons cannot be applied, and the practice of duration plus termination and how many years after change cannot be adopted. It is only reasonable and feasible to determine the protection period of such works by adopting the method of several years after their first publication.
Four, about the protection period of movies and works created by methods similar to making movies.
Because movies and works created by methods similar to filming have the characteristics of being re-created on the basis of other people’s works or original works, the protection period given to such works in many countries is shorter than that of works created by natural persons.
According to the provisions of China’s copyright law, the protection period of publication right and property right of such works is 50 years, ending on December 31 of the fiftieth year after the first publication of the works. However, if the works are not published within 50 years after the completion of creation, the copyright law will no longer protect them.
In terms of the calculation method of the protection period of films and works created by methods similar to filming, China is basically the same as other countries that attribute the copyright of such works to producers, that is, it is calculated by several years after the first publication (or public screening). It is just that China’s protection period for such works is among the longer in these countries, which means that China’s protection for copyright owners of films and works created by methods similar to filming is more adequate.
Article 15, paragraph 2, of the Copyright Law stipulates: "Authors of works that can be used independently, such as scripts and music, in film works and works created by methods similar to filming, have the right to exercise their copyright alone." Therefore, for works that can be used independently, such as scripts and music, in film works and works created by methods similar to filming, if the author is a citizen, the term of protection should be calculated by the method of "the author’s lifetime and fifty years after his death". For example, the TV series A Dream of Red Mansions is protected for 50 years after its release, while the theme song "Woningmei" is protected for 50 years after the author’s lifetime and death.
V. Protection Period of Photographic Works
In the process of creation, photographic works depend more on equipment than other types of works. Therefore, according to the particularity of photographic works, the Copyright Law stipulates that the protection period of publishing rights and property rights of photographic works is 50 years, ending on December 31, the fiftieth year after the first publication of the works. At the same time, it is stipulated that if the works are not published within 50 years after the completion of creation, this law will no longer protect them. This provision shows that the time limit for citizens to enjoy the right of publication and property rights for photographic works is shorter than that for ordinary works, which is only 50 years after the publication of the works, rather than "the author’s life and 50 years after his death". This provision is consistent with the international practice. For example, the Berne Convention stipulates that the protection period of photographic works should not be shorter than 25 years after the completion of the works. This is obviously lower than the standard that the protection period of the general works of citizens stipulated in the convention should not be shorter than the author’s lifetime and 50 years after his death. It shows that the convention allows its member countries to protect photographic works for a shorter period than their own for other works.
VI. Determination of the Protection Period of commissioned works
Commissioned works is a work created according to the entrustment contract signed by the client and the trustee. With regard to the ownership of the copyright of a commissioned work, Article 17 of the Copyright Law stipulates that the client and the trustee shall agree through a contract. If the contract is not clearly stipulated or concluded, the copyright belongs to the trustee. As for the subject of copyright, for the client, it may be a legal person or other organization or a citizen; For the trustee, it may also be a citizen, a legal person or other organization. In view of the fact that commissioned works allows both parties to determine the ownership of copyright by contract, and the uncertainty between the client and the trustee on the issues of citizens, legal persons and other organizations, the application of the protection period for such works should be determined according to whether the works belong to the client or the trustee, and whether the client or the trustee is a legal person, other organizations or citizens. If the copyright belongs to the client, and the client is a legal person or other organization, the term of protection for the work of the legal person or other organization shall apply, that is, 50 years after the first publication of the work; If the client is a citizen, the term of protection of the citizen’s work should be used as the calculation method, that is, "the author’s life and fifty years after his death." If the copyright is enjoyed by the trustee, the relevant rights protection period should also be applied according to the different situations of whether the copyright subject is a legal person or other organization or a citizen.Section 4 Limitation of Rights There are two articles in this section. It is a restrictive provision for copyright owners to exercise copyright.
Because the material that the author needs for creation comes from people’s social life, the author can’t create without the culture created by predecessors and the knowledge and experience of others. Therefore, while enjoying the copyright, the author should do his duty to the society and the public. Not only that, because the copyright enjoyed by the copyright owner is used in many ways and involves a wide range, if others use the work with the consent of the copyright owner and pay remuneration, then it is not conducive to the development of science and culture. Therefore, the protection of copyright enjoyed by copyright owners should not be absolute and unlimited. The restrictions on copyright generally include: (1) Fair use. That is, under certain circumstances, you can use a work without the consent of the copyright owner and pay him no remuneration. (2) legal permission. That is, the use of a work under the conditions prescribed by law can be done without the consent of the copyright owner, but the copyright owner must be paid.
The copyright laws of most foreign countries clearly stipulate the restrictions on copyright. International conventions also stipulate and allow States parties to restrict the exercise of copyright by copyright owners in their domestic laws in some cases. As stipulated in Article 9 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works, the authors of literary and artistic works protected by this Convention have the exclusive right to authorize the reproduction of these works in any way and in any form. The laws of the member countries of the Union may allow the reproduction of the above-mentioned works under certain special circumstances, as long as such reproduction does not damage the normal use of the works and does not infringe on the legitimate interests of the authors without reason. Article 13 of the Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights stipulates that all members should limit the restrictions or exceptions of exclusive rights to a certain special case, which should not conflict with the normal exploitation of works and should not unreasonably harm the legitimate interests of right holders.
According to the provisions of international conventions, especially to meet the needs of China’s entry into WTO, the amendments to the Copyright Law have made necessary amendments to the content provisions of the Copyright Law enacted in 1990, and made provisions conducive to the dissemination of works and the development and prosperity of economy, science and culture on the premise of fully protecting the rights and interests of copyright owners.
        
Article 22 A work may be used without permission or remuneration from the copyright owner under the following circumstances, but the name of the author and the name of the work shall be indicated, and other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner according to this Law shall not be infringed:
(1) Using published works of others for personal study, research or appreciation;
(2) appropriately quoting published works of others in a work for the purpose of introducing and commenting on a work or explaining a problem;
(3) Inevitably reproducing or quoting published works in newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media in order to report current news;
(4) Newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media publish or broadcast current articles on political, economic and religious issues that have been published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media, unless the author declares that publication and broadcasting are not allowed;
(5) Newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media publish or broadcast speeches delivered at public meetings, unless the author declares that publication and broadcasting are not allowed;
(6) Translating or reproducing a few published works for classroom teaching or scientific research in schools for the use of teaching or scientific researchers, but not publishing them;
(7) State organs use published works within a reasonable scope for performing official duties;
(eight) libraries, archives, memorial halls, museums, art galleries, etc., in order to display or save the version, copy the works collected by the library;
(9) Performing a published work for free, without charging fees to the public or paying remuneration to the performer;
(10) Copying, painting, photographing and video recording works of art set up or displayed in outdoor public places;
(eleven) the China citizens, legal persons or other organizations have published works written in Chinese into minority languages and published in China;
(twelve) the published works are published in Braille.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to restrictions on the rights of publishers, performers, producers of audio and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.
[Interpretation] This article is about the fair use of copyright.
The original copyright law also made restrictions on the exercise of copyright by copyright owners in Article 22, and this revision has made some changes on the basis of the original provisions. The restriction of rights stipulated in this article refers to the use of a work under certain circumstances, which can be used reasonably without the consent of the copyright owner and without payment to him.
The copyright laws of all countries have provisions on fair use. For example, in Article 107 of the Copyright Law of the United States, it is stipulated that the factors to be considered in determining whether the use of a work is reasonable under any specific circumstances should include: (1) it depends on the purpose of the use, that is, whether it is used for commercial purposes; (2) Depending on the nature of copyrighted works, different types of works have different forms of copyright utilization, and the boundaries of rationality are also different. For example, just copying a copyrighted article may be regarded as fair use, and rebuilding a building according to other people’s original buildings cannot be regarded as fair use; (3) It depends on whether the proportion of the used part to the whole work is appropriate, and improper proportion cannot be regarded as reasonable; (4) It depends on whether the relevant use behavior has a significant adverse impact on the potential market value of the work. If there is such an impact, it cannot be considered reasonable. Another example is Article 65 of the Copyright Law in Taiwan Province, China. The criteria are: first, the purpose and nature of the use, including whether it is for commercial purposes or non-profit educational purposes; The second is the nature of crops; Third, the proportion of the utilized part in all the crops; The fourth is the influence of the results on the potential market and present value of the works.
According to the provisions of this article, the use of other people’s works is fair use under the following circumstances:
1. Using published works of others for personal study, research or appreciation.
In daily life, there are many situations in which individuals use other people’s published works, for example, translating other people’s works to improve their foreign language level. Copying other people’s calligraphy and painting in order to cultivate their own skills. Singing and playing other people’s music works for self-entertainment. Transcribe audio and video tapes to enrich their cultural life. Because it is very common for individuals to use other people’s works, and the scope of using other people’s works is quite extensive, it is impossible and unreasonable to require everyone to obtain the consent of the copyright owner and pay remuneration every time they use other people’s works. Because, first, personal use has to be paid, which is difficult to implement; Second, personal use requires the permission of the copyright owner, so it will be difficult for the work to be used and disseminated, and the creative activity itself will lose its meaning. Therefore, the copyright laws of many countries include individual use of published works of others in the scope of fair use under certain circumstances. For example, Article 68 of the Italian Copyright Law stipulates that readers can copy a single work or part of it for personal use by hand-copying or other means that are not suitable for circulation or public dissemination. Article 493 of the Russian Civil Code stipulates that the published works of others can be copied or used in other ways to meet personal needs without the author’s consent and without paying the author. Article 30 of Japan’s Copyright Law stipulates that for the works that are the subject of copyright,In order to be used by individuals or families and in a limited range of the same kind, users can copy it. Article 29 (3) of "Copyright Law" in Taiwan Province, China stipulates that copying other people’s works for academic research, exclusively for their own users, shall not be regarded as infringement of copyright if the source of the original works is indicated. For personal use, you can freely use other people’s works without the consent of the copyright owner. Do not pay remuneration, and do not indicate the name of the author, the name of the work or the source.
China’s copyright law is no exception. It is stipulated in this article that individuals can study, study or enjoy the use of published works of others without the consent of the copyright owner and without paying remuneration to him. To meet this requirement, two conditions must be met: first, the purpose of using a work is for personal study, research or appreciation, and it cannot be used for publication or commercial performance, making and distributing audio and video tapes, playing them on radio and television stations, exhibiting, filming movies, television and so on. Second, the work used is published by the copyright owner. If the work has not been made public, even if it is used for personal study or appreciation without the consent of the copyright owner, it cannot be considered as fair use.
Two, in order to introduce and comment on a work or explain a problem, in the work of appropriate reference to other people’s published works.
Quoting others’ works in one’s own works refers to taking others’ works as the basis of one’s own works in order to create new works and explain new ideas. Quoting the original works is very common in written works. For example, in order to comment on other people’s works, a passage from the original book is quoted, and in other creative forms, other people’s works are also quoted. For example, in order to introduce someone’s calligraphy and painting, several of his calligraphy and painting works are shown on TV. Because it is necessary for the creation of some works to quote others’ works, it is difficult to explain some problems in new works or even to produce new works without quoting them. Therefore, many countries and international conventions have provisions on this fair use. For example, the first paragraph of Article 10 of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works stipulates that it is legal to extract quotations from a work that is legally made public, including articles that are quoted from newspapers and periodicals in the form of newspaper abstracts, as long as they are in line with reasonable use and within the scope of legitimate needs to achieve their goals. The third provision stipulates that the citation and use mentioned in the preceding paragraphs should indicate the source, and if the original source has the author’s name, it should also indicate it. Article 51 (citation) of the German Copyright Law stipulates that copying, dissemination and public reproduction are allowed within the scope specified by the purpose: (1) using published independent works in independent scientific works for the purpose of explaining the content; (2) quoting published fragments of crops in independent language works;(3) Quoting fragments of published musical works in independent musical works. Article 70 of the Italian Copyright Law stipulates that for the purpose of comment, discussion or education, you may extract, quote or copy some fragments or chapters of a work within the limits of the above-mentioned purposes, but it shall not compete with the economic right to use the work. The first paragraph of Article 32 of Japan’s Copyright Law stipulates that published works can be cited, but the citation must conform to fair practice, and the purpose of citing in reports, comments and research must also be limited to the proper scope. This quotation must clearly indicate the source of the work. Article 17 (1) of the Hungarian Law on Authors’ Rights stipulates that individuals are allowed to quote some parts of a published work under the condition of indicating the source of the work and the author’s name, as long as the degree of citation is commensurate with the characteristics and purpose of the work in which the citation is used and the citation is faithful to the original. Article 29 (2) of the Copyright Law in Taiwan Province, China, stipulates that those who quote other people’s works in the form of excerpts for reference and annotation of their own works shall not be regarded as infringing on other people’s copyright, provided that the place where the original work was made is indicated. These regulations can be used as a reference for people to study the appropriate amount of quotations from other people’s works.
According to China’s copyright law, if you quote other people’s works under the following conditions, you can not get permission from the copyright owner and pay him no remuneration. First, the purpose of quoting is to introduce, comment on a work or explain a problem. Second, the proportion of references must be appropriate. Generally speaking, quotations should not be longer than comments, introductions or explanations. Third, the cited works must be published. Fourth, when quoting other people’s works, the author’s name and the name of the work should be indicated, and other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner according to the copyright law should not be infringed.
Three, in order to report current news, in newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media inevitably reproduce or quote published works.
Current affairs news is an important way for people to understand national and world affairs. In order to comprehensively report current affairs news at home and abroad, our newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media inevitably use other people’s published works. For example, news programs in china national radio broadcast political, economic, cultural, scientific and technological news published in newspapers such as People’s Daily, Guangming Daily, Workers’ Daily and People’s Liberation Army Daily almost every day. In order to report the success of China’s bid to host the Olympic Games, the CCTV news broadcast program quoted several scenic spots in the propaganda film of Zhang Yimou’s bid to host the Olympic Games. But how to quote other people’s works can be called fair use? The copyright law stipulates four conditions in this article: first, the purpose of quoting works is to report current affairs news; Second, the cited works must be published; Third, citing other people’s works should indicate the author’s name, the name of the work and the source of the work, and must not infringe upon other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner in accordance with the copyright law; Fourth, quoting other people’s published works is inevitable for reporting current news. The fourth condition is newly added in this revision of the Copyright Law. This revision is mainly to be consistent with the provisions of international conventions. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works stipulates that "it shall be reproduced and made public to the extent necessary for reporting purposes".
The rational use of this situation is also an internationally accepted legislative example. For example, the second paragraph of Article 10 bis of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works stipulates that when reporting current affairs and news by means of photography or film, or by broadcasting or cable communication to the public, the conditions for the literary and artistic works seen or heard in the course of the event to be copied and made public within the scope properly needed for the purpose of reporting shall be stipulated by the laws of the member States of the Union. Article 41 of Japan’s Copyright Law stipulates that when reporting current events through photography, film, broadcasting or other methods, the works that constitute the event or those seen and heard in the course of the event can be copied for the purpose of reporting and can be used in reporting the event, but the source should be indicated. Article 19 (1) of the Hungarian Law on Authors’ Rights stipulates that it is allowed to copy communication reports containing facts and news as long as the source is indicated. It is allowed to use the contents of public meetings and public speeches, but the publication of the compilation of speeches should be approved by the author. Article (2) stipulates that newspapers, periodicals, radio and television are allowed to copy economic and political articles with news value under the condition of indicating the author’s source and name, as long as these articles are published first to exclude such copying. Article 20 (1) stipulates that works related to current affairs may be disseminated in news documentaries and in radio and television news programs.The degree of communication should be commensurate with the occasion of communication. In this case, it is unnecessary to point out the author’s name.
Four, newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media published or broadcast other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media have published articles on political, economic and religious issues, but the author declared that it is not allowed to publish or broadcast.
Generally speaking, current articles are created to publicize and implement the principles and policies of the party and the state at a certain period or a major event. This kind of article is timely, policy-oriented and purposeful. These articles usually need a variety of different publicity channels to make them spread more widely and deeply. Therefore, the Copyright Law includes newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media to publish or broadcast current articles published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media into the scope of fair use, and it can be done without permission and without payment to the copyright owner.
In order to prevent the abuse of this provision, the Copyright Law of 1990 restricted this fair use to newspapers, periodicals, radio stations and television stations, or to broadcast editorials and commentator articles published by other newspapers, periodicals, radio stations and television stations. The amendment of copyright law will change "editorial and commentator’s articles" into "current articles on political, economic and religious issues". This amendment has improved and clarified the scope of fair use, and is also consistent with the provisions of international treaties. The Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works only limits the scope of this fair use to "current articles involving political, economic and religious issues". This revision of the Copyright Law also added the contents of current articles that the author declared not to be published or broadcast according to the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. The first item of Article 10 bis of the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works specifically stipulates that this item should be used reasonably: "The laws of the member countries of the Union may permit the reproduction of current articles on economic, political or religious issues published in newspapers and periodicals, or broadcast works of the same nature, provided that such reproduction, broadcast or cable communication is not explicitly reserved. However, the source should be clearly stated;The legal liability for violating this obligation is determined by the law of the country where protection is requested. "Most foreign countries’ copyright laws also stipulate in this way. For example, Article 65 of the Italian copyright law stipulates that articles about economic, political or religious current affairs published in newspapers and periodicals can be reproduced freely by other newspapers and radio stations, unless the right to reprint is explicitly reserved, but the publication date and serial number of the original newspaper should be indicated; If the article is signed, the author’s name should also be indicated. Article 49 (1) of the German Copyright Law stipulates that a single broadcast commentary and newspaper article, and a single article published in other newsprint that only reports current affairs, are allowed to copy and disseminate or publicly reproduce such comments and articles in other similar newspapers and newsprint if they involve political, economic and religious current affairs without a statement of reserved rights.
5. Newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media publish or broadcast speeches delivered at public meetings, unless the author declares that publication and broadcasting are not allowed.
Public assembly refers to an assembly held in public places (such as squares and stadiums) for a certain purpose. The speech delivered at a public meeting has the nature of public propaganda, and publishing or broadcasting these speeches is to expand its influence and propaganda scope. Therefore, the Copyright Law stipulates in this article that newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media can publish or broadcast the speech delivered at a public meeting without the permission of the copyright owner and without paying remuneration to him. But sometimes, for historical, political or other reasons, the author is unwilling to publish or broadcast his speech in newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media, so newspapers, periodicals, radio stations, television stations and other media should respect the author’s wishes and must not publish or broadcast. This provision is in line with the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works. Article 2 bis of the Convention stipulates: "Under what conditions a publicly published lecture, speech or other works of the same nature can be published in newspapers, broadcast or disseminated to the public if necessary for the purpose of new reporting, and publicly disseminated in the form of Article 11 bis, paragraph 1, is within the scope of domestic legislation of the members of the Union." This provision is also consistent with the provisions of other foreign countries. For example, Article 66 of the Italian Copyright Law stipulates that political or administrative speeches delivered at public meetings or other public occasions may be freely reproduced in newspapers or broadcast.But it should indicate the source, the author’s name, the date and place of the speech. Article 48 (1) of the German Copyright Law stipulates that: 1. Reproduction and dissemination of speeches on current affairs published in public meetings or broadcasts and public reproduction of such speeches are allowed in newspapers or other news papers that mainly report current affairs. 2. Reproduce, disseminate and publicly reproduce speeches delivered in public consultations of countries, regions or religious organizations.
6. To translate or copy a few published works for classroom teaching or scientific research in schools for the use of teaching or scientific research personnel, but not for publication and distribution.
Classroom teaching in schools is an activity of imparting knowledge; Scientific research is an activity to explore the nature and laws of things by scientific methods on the basis of summing up and absorbing the experience or knowledge of predecessors. These two activities are inseparable from the accumulation and exploration of knowledge. Knowledge itself is the sum of knowledge and experience accumulated by people in the practice of transforming the world. Learning knowledge and creating knowledge are inseparable from the use of existing works. Restricting this use will hinder the improvement of the cultural level of the whole nation and the development of science and technology. Therefore, the copyright laws and international treaties of many countries include a small number of copies of copyrighted works for the purpose of teaching or scientific research in the scope of fair use. For example, Article 10, paragraph 2, of Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works stipulates that the laws of the member countries of the Union and the special agreements existing or to be signed between the member countries stipulate that literary and artistic works can be legally used as teaching explanations through publications, radio broadcasts or audio and video recordings, as long as they are used within the scope of legitimate needs to achieve the purpose and are in line with reasonable use. The third provision stipulates that the citation and use mentioned in the preceding paragraphs should indicate the source, and if the original source has the author’s name, it should also indicate it. Japan attaches great importance to education and the cultivation of talents, and uses four articles in the Copyright Law to explain the rational use of works for teaching purposes. Article 33 of the law stipulates that for the purpose of school education,Within the necessary limits, published works can be published in teaching books. Article 34 stipulates the broadcasting of school educational programs. Article 35 stipulates the reproduction of schools and other educational institutions. Thirty-sixth provisions as a copy of the test questions. Article 29 (1) of the Copyright Law in Taiwan Province, China, stipulates that those who extract other people’s works to edit textbooks approved by the Ministry of Education shall not be regarded as infringing on other people’s copyrights, if the original works are noted. China’s copyright law also stipulates in this article that for classroom teaching or scientific research in schools, the published works of others can be translated or copied in small quantities for use by teaching or scientific researchers without permission and without payment to the copyright owner, but the author’s name and the name of the work should be indicated, and it should not be published.
There are several problems that need to be paid attention to. First, the term "classroom teaching" mentioned in this item is strictly restricted. For-profit teaching such as postgraduate entrance examination classes, TOEFL and GRE training classes does not belong to "classroom teaching". Second, "a small amount of reproduction", generally speaking, should not exceed the needs of classroom teaching or scientific research. Third, translation can be a part of an existing work or all of it. More translation and less translation depend on the needs of classroom teaching or scientific research. Fourth, the purpose of translation or a small amount of reproduction is for teaching or scientific research personnel to use in school classroom teaching or scientific research, and cannot be used for publication. Fifth, when translating or reproducing a published work by others, the author’s name and the name of the work should be indicated; Shall not infringe upon other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner in accordance with the copyright law.
Seven, the state organs to perform official duties in a reasonable range of use of published works.
State organs include legislative organs, administrative organs, judicial organs, legal supervision organs and military organs. There are many cases in which state organs use other people’s works. For example, the legislature copies or extracts some legal papers to make laws. Judicial organs and legal supervision organs need to copy written works and photographic works related to the case for handling cases. Administrative organs copy political, economic, cultural, educational, scientific and technological materials for the needs of administrative management. Military organs copy maps for exercises and operations, and so on. State organs use other people’s published works in order to study problems, formulate policies and implement management, that is, to perform official duties, without permission or payment to the copyright owner. However, if the use of other people’s works by state organs is not necessary for official activities, such as publishing a book of Selected Papers on Family Planning, it is necessary to obtain the consent of the copyright owner and pay him remuneration. In addition, state organs may not arbitrarily expand the scope of use of published works of others for the purpose of performing official duties. For example, for the purpose of trial, a people’s court can find out the facts only by copying one article in the works compiled by the copyright owner, but it can’t copy several articles, otherwise it is not fair use. In order to prevent the abuse of this provision, not only to protect the rights and interests of copyright owners, but also to ensure the needs of state organs in performing official duties, the amendments to the Copyright Law stipulated in the 1990 Copyright Law"Use of published works by state organs for official duties" was revised to "Use of published works by state organs within a reasonable range for official duties", which further clarified the scope of use of published works by others by state organs. Some foreign countries have also stipulated this fair use. For example, Article 45 of the German Copyright Law stipulates: "For the use of court proceedings, arbitration courts or public security organs, it is allowed to make or witness to make a single copy of a work. Courts and public security organs may copy or have portraits copied for judicial and public security purposes. Under the same conditions as reproduction, it is allowed to spread, publicly exhibit or publicly reproduce the crops. "
Eight, libraries, archives, memorial halls, museums, art galleries, etc. to display or save the version, copy the works collected by the library.
Libraries, archives, memorial halls, museums and art galleries copy works in many cases, for example, libraries copy and photocopy certain books; The archives make some historical materials into films by microfilm; The memorial hall makes a photo exhibition of someone’s manuscript and diary; The museum displays some historical photos after remaking them; Watermarking paintings in art galleries and so on. Copying other people’s works in libraries, archives, memorial halls, museums and art galleries meets the following two conditions, which are fair use: First, the purpose of copying other people’s works is to display or preserve them. Libraries, archives, memorial halls, museums and art galleries collect all kinds of modern and even ancient works, some of which are old and damaged due to age, some are out of print books or only one original. The development of human civilization requires us to preserve the excellent and meaningful works of past dynasties. Therefore, the copyright law includes the reproduction of other people’s works for the purpose of saving or displaying the version into the scope of fair use. Second, the copied works must be collected by this museum, and other museums cannot be allowed to copy the works collected by this museum, nor can they copy the works collected by other museums. Foreign copyright laws also have such provisions. For example, Article 31 of the Japanese Copyright Law stipulates that libraries and other facilities stipulated by decrees for the purpose of providing use to the public shall be provided on the following occasions.As a non-profit undertaking, crops can be copied from books, records or other materials in libraries, etc.: (1) At the request of users in libraries, some copies of published crops can be provided for their investigation and research, and only one copy can be provided for each person. (2) For the need of preserving library materials. (3) at the request of other libraries, etc., provide copies of libraries that are generally difficult to obtain due to out of print or similar reasons. Article 68 of the Italian Copyright Law stipulates that the library can freely photocopy the works in its collection for readers’ personal use or the library’s services.
Nine, free performance of published works, the performance did not charge fees to the public, nor did it pay remuneration to the performers.
Free performance refers to non-commercial performance. For example, schools, enterprises, etc. organize performances by their students, teachers or employees to celebrate the May 1 International Labor Day and the birthday of the Party. The main purpose of free performance is to enrich and enliven the cultural life at the grassroots level, and the performers do not get income from it. Therefore, free performance of other people’s published works can be performed without permission and without payment to the copyright owner. A free performance of a published work must meet the following conditions for reasonable use: First, a free performance of the work must be published. If the work is not published, even if the performance is free, it must be approved by the copyright owner. Second, when performing to the public for free, other rights of the copyright owner should be respected, the name of the author and the name of the work should be indicated, and the work should not be arbitrarily modified, distorted or tampered with. Third, a free performance should neither charge the public (audience or audience) nor pay the performers. If the performer is paid by the organization of the performance, the performance is not free, although there is no ticket. In order to further clarify what is a free performance, the amendment to the Copyright Law added a provision on the basis of the "free performance of published works" stipulated in the Copyright Law in 1990: "The performance did not charge the public or pay the performers."
It should be pointed out that the "free performance" here does not include voluntary performances by some literary and art groups and actors to sponsor large-scale sports competitions and help the disabled. Because voluntary performances have to be charged to the public, these expenses include both the performance fees of actors and the use fees of works. Voluntary performance is just that the actor dedicates his due performance fee to the relevant units or individuals, and a part of the benefit performance income should be paid to the author. If the author agrees, it can also be dedicated to the relevant units or individuals.
On the scope of reasonable use of the right to perform, different countries have different regulations. Article 38 of Japan’s Copyright Law stipulates that a published work can be publicly staged, played, dictated or shown when it is not for profit and does not charge the audience or audience fees (that is, it does not charge the consideration and reward for providing or showing crops in any name). However, when the performance, performance, oral presentation or exhibition is paid to the performer or narrator, this restriction does not apply. However, the United States stipulates that only performing religious works in religious occasions or performing works for the blind or other disabled people (such as the deaf-mute) that they cannot enjoy through normal channels is fair use. In other cases, even if the performance is non-commercial, it is necessary to notify the copyright owner in advance or perform certain procedures in the copyright office. This provision of China’s copyright law is made on the basis of drawing lessons from relevant foreign national regulations and combining with China’s actual needs.
10. Copying, painting, photographing and video recording works of art set up or displayed in outdoor public places.
Artistic works set up or displayed in outdoor public places mainly refer to paintings, sculptures, calligraphy and so on set up in squares, streets, intersections, parks, tourist attractions and buildings. For example, the stele of the Monument to the People’s Heroes and the relief around it; Statues of figures around Beijing Workers Stadium; Murals on the wall of the teaching building of the Conservatory of Music. The use of an artistic work set up or displayed in an outdoor public place without permission or payment from the copyright owner is restricted by two aspects. First, the artistic work must be set up or displayed in an outdoor public place. Second, the way to use works is limited to copying, painting, photography and video recording, and these works of art cannot be used in direct contact, such as rubbing.
The reason why the Copyright Law stipulates that copying, painting, photography and video recording of artistic works set up or displayed in outdoor public places can be done without the permission of the copyright owner, mainly because these artistic works set up or displayed in outdoor public places have long-term public and public welfare nature. Since they are displayed or set up in outdoor public places, it is inevitable that someone will copy, paint or take photos and video recording with this as the background. It is actually impossible for users to obtain the permission of the copyright owner and pay remuneration. Therefore, in this case, the use of other people’s works should naturally belong to the scope of reasonable use. Other countries also have this provision. For example, Article 492 of the Russian Civil Code stipulates that copying and reproducing plastic arts works displayed in open places (excluding exhibitions and museums) by any other means can be done without the author’s consent and without paying the author’s remuneration, but the author’s name and citation source must be indicated, except for mechanical rubbing.
Eleven, China citizens, legal persons or other organizations have published works written in Chinese into minority languages for publication in China.
China is a multi-ethnic country, with more than 50 ethnic minorities besides the Han nationality. In order to promote the development of science and culture of ethnic minorities, Han Chinese written works can be translated into any ethnic minority written works, without obtaining permission or paying remuneration to the copyright owner. However, the copyright law imposes the following restrictions on this kind of translation. First, the translated works in Chinese must be published, and the translation of unpublished works requires the permission of the copyright owner. Second, the translated works in Chinese characters must be created by China citizens, legal persons or other organizations. Thirdly, the publishing scope of translating works written in Chinese into works written in minority languages is limited to People’s Republic of China (PRC), and it is impossible to translate works written in Chinese into works written in minority languages and spread them abroad. If you want to publish and distribute abroad, you should obtain the permission of the copyright owner and pay him remuneration. Fourth, the author’s name should be indicated when translating, and the work should not be modified, distorted or tampered with without authorization. The copyright law of 1990 stipulates this fair use: "Translate the published works in Han languages into minority languages and publish them in China." There is no such provision in the Berne Convention for the Protection of Literary and Artistic Works and the Agreement on Trade-related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights. However, considering the need of developing and prospering the culture of ethnic minorities in China, it is better to keep this provision in the Copyright Law of 1990.But it is not suitable for foreigners. Therefore, the amendment to the Copyright Law amended this fair use provision to read: "Translate the published works written in Chinese by China citizens, legal persons or other organizations into works written in minority languages and publish them in China."
Twelve, the published works will be published in Braille.
Blind people are disabled and can only read by touch. It is the wish of the majority of authors to help the disabled, reduce their burden and study scientific and cultural knowledge hard. Therefore, the Copyright Law stipulates that a published work can be published in Braille without the permission of the copyright owner and without payment, but the author’s name and the name of the work should be indicated, and the work should not be arbitrarily modified, distorted or tampered with. The "Copyright Law" of Russian and other countries and Taiwan Province also lists this as fair use. Article 492 (8) of the Russian Civil Code stipulates that the published works for the blind can be published in raised font, and the works can be used without the consent of the author and without paying the remuneration for the works. Article 30 of the Copyright Law in Taiwan Province stipulates that a published work may be reproduced by braille for the blind. With the permission of the government, organizations whose purpose is to promote the welfare of the blind may record published works for the exclusive use of the blind.
The Copyright Law not only stipulates that the rights of copyright owners are restricted by the above twelve aspects, but also stipulates that the rights of publishers, performers, producers of audio and video recordings, radio stations and television stations are also subject to the above-mentioned restrictions. That is, the provisions of the second paragraph of this article: the provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to the restrictions on the rights of publishers, performers, producers of audio and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.
According to the provisions of the Copyright Law, publishers enjoy exclusive rights to publish works delivered for publication by copyright owners in accordance with the contract and are protected by law. During the period when the publisher enjoys the exclusive right to publish a work, others may not publish the work. However, according to the provisions of the second paragraph of this article, if a Braille publishing house wants to publish a published work in Braille, it can publish the work without the publisher’s permission and without paying remuneration.
According to the provisions of the copyright law, performers have the right to license others to perform audio and video recordings of their performances and get paid. However, if someone records and videos a performer’s performance for personal appreciation, they can do so without the permission of the performer and without payment.
According to the provisions of the Copyright Law, producers of audio and video recordings have the right to permit others to copy, distribute, rent, and disseminate the audio and video recordings to the public through information networks, and get paid. However, if the audio and video recordings are copied for classroom teaching, for example, a dance academy copies a video recording of a certain dance, it is not necessary to pay the producers without their permission, and at the same time, it is not necessary to pay the performers.
According to the provisions of the Copyright Law, radio stations and television stations have the right to prohibit the recording of their broadcasts and televisions on audio-visual carriers and the copying of audio-visual carriers without their permission. However, if an individual records the radio and television broadcast by a radio station or television station on an audio-visual carrier for study, research and appreciation, he can do so without the permission of the radio station or television station and without paying him.
        
Article 23 When compiling and publishing a textbook for the implementation of the nine-year compulsory education and the national education plan, unless the author declares in advance that it is not allowed to be used, he may compile published fragments of works, short written works, musical works or single works of art and photography in the textbook without the permission of the copyright owner, but he shall pay remuneration in accordance with the provisions, indicate the author’s name and the title of the work, and shall not infringe upon other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner in accordance with this Law.
The provisions of the preceding paragraph shall apply to restrictions on the rights of publishers, performers, producers of audio and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.
[Interpretation] This article is about legal permission.
This article is a newly added provision in this revision of the Copyright Law.
Legal permission refers to the use of a published work without the consent of the author or other copyright owners in accordance with the law. Legal license is a restriction on copyright. When using other people’s works according to legal permission, remuneration shall be paid to the author or other copyright owners, and the name of the author, the name of the work and the source shall be indicated. Some countries stipulate that the use of other people’s works in compiling and publishing textbooks is within the scope of legal permission, that is, it can be used without the permission of the copyright owner. For example, the first paragraph of Article 33 of Japan’s Copyright Law stipulates that for the purpose of school education, published works can be published in textbooks (referring to books for educating children or students in primary schools, middle schools or colleges and similar schools approved by the Minister of Education or published in the name of works of the Ministry of Education). Paragraph 2 stipulates that, according to the provisions of the preceding paragraph, a person who wants to publish crops in a book for teaching and learning should, at the same time, inform the copyright owner of this intention, comprehensively consider the purpose of this paragraph, the types and uses of the crops, the usual amount of royalties and other matters, and pay compensation to the copyright owner according to the amount stipulated by the director of the Cultural Department every year. The third paragraph stipulates that after the director of the Department of Culture has stipulated the amount of compensation stipulated in the preceding paragraph, this stipulation will be published in the official newspaper.The fourth paragraph stipulates that the provisions of the first three paragraphs are applicable to correspondence teaching books in colleges and universities and teachers’ guidance books related to the textbooks specified in the first paragraph (limited to the scope related to the distribution of the textbooks). Article 46 of the German Copyright Law stipulates: (1) If part of a work or a small-length language work, music work, separate art work or separate photographic work is used in a compilation after publication, or several people’s works are compiled into a book, and according to the characteristics of the above-mentioned works, it is allowed to copy and distribute such a compilation. The purpose of the assembly must be clearly indicated on the title page or the corresponding position. (2) Paragraph (1) applies to the use of compilations of musical works for music teaching in general schools, except music schools. (3) Only when the intention to use the right in paragraph (1) is notified to the author by registered mail or the owner of the exclusive usufructuary right is notified when his address and place of residence are unknown, and the copy can be started two weeks later. If the address or residence of the owner of the exclusive usufructuary right is unclear, a notice may be published in the Federal Gazette. (4) Appropriate remuneration should be paid to the author for reproduction and distribution. (5) If the work no longer conforms to the belief of the author and the author is unwilling to continue to use the work and has recovered the existing usufructuary right for this reason, the author may prohibit copying and distribution.
Considering that education is related to the development of the country’s economy, culture and science, the whole society should give it strong support. On the basis of drawing lessons from some foreign countries and international treaties, this amendment to the Copyright Law adds this article, that is, the preparation and publication of textbooks for the implementation of nine-year compulsory education and the national education plan can be done without the permission of the copyright owner, unless the author declares in advance that they are not allowed to be used. Compiling published fragments of works, short written works, musical works or single works of art and photography in textbooks, but remuneration shall be paid in accordance with regulations, indicating the name of the author and the name of the work, and other rights enjoyed by the copyright owner in accordance with this law shall not be infringed. When applying this article, we should pay attention to the following points: firstly, the textbooks mentioned in this article refer to the official teaching materials used in classroom teaching, and should not include teaching reference books, counseling series and counseling materials. Second, the purpose of using other people’s published works without permission must be to compile and publish textbooks for the implementation of nine-year compulsory education and the national education plan. Third, the use of published works of others for textbooks must meet the quantitative requirements determined by law, such as "fragments" of works, "short" written works, musical works, "single" art works and photographic works. Fourth, remuneration should be paid to the copyright owner in accordance with the regulations, and the name of the author and the name of the work should be indicated. Fifth,When compiling and publishing textbooks using published works of others, other rights enjoyed by copyright owners in accordance with the copyright law shall not be infringed. Sixth, in order to take care of the situation that some authors may be dissatisfied with some of their original published works or for other reasons, and do not want others to publish and use them again, this article clearly stipulates that the authors shall not use those works that have been declared forbidden in advance. Seventh, the provisions of the statutory license in this article also apply to the restrictions on the rights of publishers, performers, producers of audio and video recordings, radio stations and television stations.