标签归档 武汉品茶网

通过admin

Frequently asked questions about influenza vaccination this winter and next spring, Fujian CDC answers.

Influenza (referred to as "flu") isCaused by influenza virus infectionAcute respiratory infectious diseases.Influenza vaccination isAn effective means to prevent influenza.About influenza vaccination this winter and next springSome common questions,Fujian CDC answers are as follows↓↓↓

1. What are the antigenic components of trivalent and tetravalent influenza vaccines this year?

The trivalent influenza vaccine recommended by the World Health Organization (WHO) in 2023-2024 based on chicken embryos in the northern hemisphere consists of:

A/Victoria/4897/2022(H1N1)Pdm09 similar strain

A/Darwin/9/2021(H3N2)Similar strain

B/Austria/1359417/2021(Victoria department)Similar strain

The tetravalent influenza vaccine component contains two strains of B strain, namely the above three strains and B/Phuket/3073/2013.(Yamagata system)Similar strain.

Compared with the previous year, the vaccine component recommended by WHO in this year has been replaced with influenza virus subtype A(H1N1)pdm09 vaccine strain.

2. What kinds of influenza vaccines are available in 2023-2024?

Influenza vaccines listed in the world are divided into inactivated influenza virus vaccine, live attenuated influenza virus vaccine and influenza virus recombination vaccines.

According to the components contained in the vaccine, it is divided into trivalent and tetravalent influenza vaccines.

According to the production process, it can be divided into chicken embryo culture, cell culture and recombinant influenza vaccine.

Influenza vaccines used in China in the epidemic season of 2023-2024 include trivalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV3), tetravalent inactivated influenza vaccine (IIV4) and trivalent live attenuated vaccine (LAIV3).

Both IIV3 and IIV4 have 0.25ml dosage form and 0.5ml dosage form, and LAIV3 has 0.2ml dosage form.

3. Which key groups and high-risk groups give priority to influenza vaccination?

It is suggested that all people who are over 6 months old and have no contraindications should be vaccinated with influenza vaccine. Combined with the epidemic situation of influenza and the prevention and control strategy of multi-disease prevention, the harm of influenza should be reduced as much as possible.

Priority recommended key and high-risk groups:

1 medical personnel, including clinical rescue personnel, public health personnel, health and quarantine personnel, etc.;

2. Older people aged 60 and over;

3. People suffering from one or more chronic diseases;

4. Vulnerable people and employees in gathering places such as old-age care institutions, long-term care institutions and welfare homes;

5. Pregnant women;

6. Children aged 6-59 months;

7. Family members and caregivers of infants under 6 months old;

8. People in key places such as kindergartens, primary and secondary schools and supervision places.

4. What is the immune persistence after influenza vaccination?

The immunity acquired by human body after being infected with influenza virus or inoculated with influenza vaccine will decline with time, and the degree of decline is related to factors such as people’s age, physical condition and vaccine antigen.

A study on antibody dynamics of influenza vaccine in Australia showed that the antibody level induced by various vaccine strains reached a peak one month after vaccination, and began to decline about three months later. After vaccination for six months, the antibody level was still higher than the baseline, suggesting that the antibody protection level can be maintained for at least six months after vaccination.

A study in Taizhou City, Zhejiang Province also found that the antibody level mediated by some vaccine strains was still high after 6 months of influenza vaccination.

Studies have shown that the serum antibody level in the body decreased significantly after one year of influenza vaccination. Studies have shown that the decrease of serum antibody is related to the decrease of the number of bone marrow plasma cells, that is, the specific bone marrow plasma cells increased after 4 weeks of influenza vaccination, but decreased to the pre-vaccination level after 1 year.

In order to match the ever-changing influenza virus, one or more strains of influenza vaccine recommended by WHO will be updated in most seasons, and it also exists that the vaccine strains are exactly the same as the previous season.

In order to ensure the maximum protection of the vaccinated population, even if the composition of the influenza vaccine is exactly the same as that of the previous season, since the antibody titer produced by most vaccinators in the last vaccination has dropped significantly, it is still recommended to vaccinate before the arrival of the influenza season in that year regardless of whether the influenza vaccine was vaccinated in the previous season.

5. What are the requirements for the vaccination times of influenza vaccine?

Children from 6 months to 8 years old should be vaccinated with IIV vaccine: children from 6 months to 8 years old who are vaccinated with influenza for the first time should be vaccinated with two doses (two doses of the same vaccine should be selected) with an interval of ≥4 weeks; Children who have received one or more doses of influenza vaccine in 2022-2023 or before are recommended to receive one dose.

Vaccination of children aged 6 months to 8 years: No matter whether they have been vaccinated with influenza vaccine, only one dose is given.

Children and adults aged 9 and over only need one dose.

6. What are the taboos for influenza vaccination?

Anyone who is allergic to any ingredients contained in the vaccine (including excipients, formaldehyde, cracking agents and antibiotics) or has a history of severe allergic reaction to any kind of influenza vaccination is prohibited from vaccination.

Patients with acute diseases, severe chronic diseases or acute attacks of chronic diseases and fever are advised to be vaccinated after recovery or stable control of their condition. Patients with Guillain-Barre syndrome within 6 weeks after previous influenza vaccination are advised to be evaluated by a doctor before considering whether to vaccinate.

The following people are prohibited from being vaccinated with LAIV:

① Persons with low immune function due to drug use, HIV infection and other reasons;

② Children and adolescents who have been treated with drugs containing aspirin or salicylic acid for a long time;

③ Children with asthma aged 2-4 years;

4 pregnant women;

⑤ Those with a history of Guillain-Barre syndrome;

⑥ Those who used antiviral drugs such as oseltamivir and zanamivir 48 hours before inoculation, or those who used palamivir 5 days before inoculation, or those who used balosevir 17 days before inoculation.

7. Can influenza vaccine and other vaccines be vaccinated at the same time?

Inoculation with other inactivated and attenuated live vaccines:

Inactivated influenza vaccine can be inoculated simultaneously or sequentially with other inactivated vaccines and attenuated live vaccines; If two live attenuated vaccines are inoculated at the same time, the interval should be at least 4 weeks.

Inoculation with Covid-19 vaccine at the same time:

People aged 18 and above can be vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine at the same time, and at the same time, they should be vaccinated at the inoculation sites of both limbs. For the minors who have been vaccinated with LAIV and under the age of 18, it is suggested that the interval between vaccination with Covid-19 and Covid-19 should be more than 14 days due to the lack of evidence at present.

8. When is the timing of influenza vaccination?

Usually, after 2~4 weeks of influenza vaccination, antibodies with protective level can be produced.

The time and duration of the annual peak of influenza activity are different in different parts of China. In order to ensure that the recipients can get immune protection before the high-incidence season of influenza, it is suggested that all localities arrange vaccination as soon as the vaccine is available, and it is best to complete immunization before the local influenza epidemic season. Vaccination units can provide immunization services throughout the epidemic season.

In the same influenza epidemic season, people who have completed the whole vaccination according to the vaccination procedures do not need to be vaccinated again.

9. Besides influenza vaccine, what other vaccines can be vaccinated to prevent respiratory infectious diseases?

In addition to influenza vaccination this winter and next spring, pneumococcal vaccine and Covid-19 vaccine are also recommended for the elderly and people with chronic basic diseases.

For children, it is suggested that non-immunization programs such as pneumococcal vaccine and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccine should be inoculated on the basis of continuing immunization program vaccination. No matter whether it is an immunization program vaccine or a non-immunization program vaccine, the requirements of vaccination specifications should be strictly followed during the vaccination process.

10. How should we protect against influenza vaccine before it is produced?

Wear a mask scientifically. If you go to a closed environment and crowded places, take public transport or go to the hospital, it is recommended to wear a mask and pay attention to changing it in time.

Develop good personal hygiene habits. When coughing or sneezing, cover your mouth and nose with paper towels or towels. Wash your hands or disinfect your hands in time after touching public facilities such as elevator buttons and door handles, and after coughing or sneezing. In addition, daily attention should be paid to keeping the environment in the home and workplace clean, and opening windows regularly for ventilation.

Develop a healthy lifestyle. In daily life, we should keep enough sleep, adequate nutrition and proper physical exercise to enhance our physical fitness and improve our immunity.

通过admin

Diablo: A German drama with nearly perfect score, with no bad ending.

Note: this article contains spoilers, but spoilers do not affect the viewing of this play.

Does free will really exist? Netflix’s German drama "Dark" can shake even the most determined people who believe this.

The third season (the final season) released on June 27 th closed the distorted old and new worlds, and the complicated puzzles in the 28 episodes of the third season were put back in place. The tragic fate of many characters’ cycles dissipated in the fog of the god of time, and the "Original World" resumed the simple linear flow of time.

Poster of Diablo Season 3

In the last shot, we saw pictures of the wall that once haunted everyone in Wendeng town, most of whom never existed. On June 21, 1986, the clockmaker mistakenly turned on the time machine, which destroyed his "original world" and split the old and new worlds. Since then, the residents of Wendeng town have fallen into a closed loop, and the reproduction of life has become a mother-daughter paradox. Incest, killing relatives, killing children and killing themselves from another time and space have occurred constantly, and everyone has sipped the bitter wine that fate has already prepared.

In the first two seasons, the jumping timeline gradually pieced together the scene that "everything is closed loop and everything is destiny". Many characters have a sense of "Déjà vu" at a certain moment, and the experience of peeping through the tree of life is actually a cycle of fear. The town of Wendeng, a place of tragedy. Everyone has the pain of bereavement, and the motive that drives them to kill is attachment, and they want to save their loved ones/everyone by changing the "past".

The philosophical, religious and scientific system of Diablo is based on the evolution of the West in the past thousands of years. The religious view of birth-death-rebirth in ancient Egypt observes the life and death of the characters in the play, and the study of time by modern physics has become the theoretical basis of time machine and parallel universe. Classical dualism: life and death, light and darkness, corresponding to the fission of the old and new worlds, and two teams of time travelers headed by Adam (Jonah) and Eve (Martha) with contradictory goals.

From this point of view, Diablo is a master. It not only rarely combines the fatalistic closed loop of time travel with the fate bifurcation of the parallel universe in genre dramas, but also tortures the root of fatalism by tracing the fate trajectory of the characters in an extremely cold way.

Every character that Wendeng appeared on the stage has its own epic. The best part of the script is that a character has the opportunity to meet himself at different ages, or confront, cooperate or even kill each other. When the fog was still heavy in the first two seasons, the audience could not tell whether the elderly Jonah, Martha and Claudia were lying to their younger selves, nor could they know their intention of crossing frequently. There is only a vague feeling that the old man is like a pool ball, guiding fate to realize his intention. They don’t care who they kill, just let everything repeat, what’s the point of taking the "right" road at the critical turning point?

As I said before, every character in Diablo is sad. Tragedy can be roughly divided into two types: 1) the young self can’t understand it, and at the same time tries to avoid becoming the old self, but in the end, the course of life repeats itself and the hateful cycle can’t be broken. 2) Everyone who wants to change the story and save their loved ones has failed, either here or there, and finally tragedy is always staged.

But they are all fighters, and no one becomes a numb fatalist after repeated crits, willing to accept the "fate arrangement" calmly. Young people struggle with their old selves, and those who see the mystery of the cycle resist flagrantly. The fate of Nelson and his wife will surely remain in their hearts long after the end of the play.

Ulich Nelson, who traveled through time to find his missing son, was imprisoned as a madman in a madhouse for decades. Finally, I found my son, and my father and son fled to the mouth of Time Cave because of a little magic trick, which almost succeeded and eventually failed. When ulich’s wife, Katrina, robbed the time machine, she found old ulich and tried to save him from the madhouse. Unfortunately, it happened again. She was killed by a young mother who was not pregnant with her (she didn’t know her and mistook deja vu for a sign of the devil) and became a female ghost in the lake.

In the third season, the more accelerated and fragmentary timeline clips clearly show everyone’s futility and despair to the audience. Because of the situation, talent and destiny, the Wendeng people trapped in the closed loop gradually divided into four types. The first one, represented by Katrina and Hannah, has not yet discovered that the world is closed-loop, acting on instinct and realizing the true meaning of life little by little in pain. The second is represented by time travelers, who find the existence of closed loop, realize how the tree of life was created, and personally promote the kindness and incest needed for reproduction; Have faith, stand with Adam or Eve, and understand your responsibilities in the old and new worlds. The third is Jonah and Martha, that is, Adam and Eve. They have a firm belief in the cycle, and the process is like the birth of religion. One group prides itself on the light, and the other believes in nothingness, all driven by love. Adam wants to end the cycle. His ideal heaven is forgetting and nothingness, and everyone doesn’t have to suffer again and again. Eve hoped that the cycle would never end, so that she and Adam’s son could be born again and again. The fourth kind has only one person, Claudia, the "white devil". Only after collecting enough pieces can she complete the whole puzzle, find out the real origin of the cycle, and have the courage to eliminate two worlds that should not exist, so that her daughter Regina in the "primitive world" can live.

The most ignorant are the Catalina, but they break through their fate like warriors in an attempt to save their loved ones. They are most like the tragic heroes of ancient Greece, who fought against fate with the determination to realize free will and won the greatest respect from the audience. The most unfortunate thing is that travelers in time and space mistakenly believe in Adam and Eve, always carrying out orders and never breaking the rules. The deepest implication is Jonah and Martha. Their enemies and mentors are always their older selves, symbolizing the human beings who have repeatedly had youth and repeatedly become rigid and old-the old always want to keep things as usual, and the old always want to control the young.

Adam and Eve, who became similar religious leaders in self-reinforcement, could not see the real crux. Only Claudia, who is eager to save the woman, is single-handed and pure-minded, and neither wants to destroy the two worlds nor promote the cycle indefinitely. How did she guess the origin? The secret can’t be leaked. The screenwriter hid the secret, perhaps to imply the existence of higher power. If time itself is God, he doesn’t need to pay attention to this mischievous joke. Let a person find the "knot" and break it, and there is no need for a reason.

Diablo seems to describe the appearance of modern religion, and there is not necessarily an omniscient and omnipotent god. In other words, time is God, and he may not have the will that human beings can understand, but human joys and sorrows, life and death are all decided by him.

This "god" will not pity the sadness of the two worlds born like a tumor, and will not make any noise, give no guidance, and be completely silent. Finally, Jonah and Martha decided to go back to the real origin-before the watchmaker’s son died in a car accident, so as to prevent the watchmaker from building a time machine to bring back the dead. The price is that they and all the people born in the distorted world of the old and the new will disappear.

Jonah and Martha’s consciousness and self-sacrifice contain the philosophy of eastern and western religions. Let go of your obsession and admit that you are the product of mistakes, as if you were taught by Buddha. Sacrifice yourself, break the cycle, let the "primitive world" return to normal, and embrace the spirit of Christ.

Regardless of whether the God of Time exists or not, the sinful and bloody town of Wendeng, which witnessed numerous human crimes, should not cease to exist like the last toast of Katrina. Even if Jonah, Martha and many others were never born, they were just dreams or deja vu of others. It is meaningful to fight and seek like this.

In the last scene, in a thunderstorm, Hannah, Katrina, Doppler and others who have never experienced all this have dinner. Hannah, who is pregnant, suddenly wants to name her future child Jonah. There are more than one way to understand this ending. Behind the sense of deja vu that everyone will encounter may accommodate such a magnificent epic. Another possibility is much darker: Hannah gave birth to Jonah and started the cycle again, but it didn’t end.

[Specially published by Shanghai Literature and Art Review Special Fund]

通过admin

Britain announces further sanctions against Russia

  On September 30, local time, the British government website released a message saying that the British Foreign Office announced a new ban on the export of services and commodities on the same day for the vulnerable sectors of the Russian economy.

  The news said that Britain is keeping pace with international partners and targeting key areas of the Russian economy. The new measures will put economic pressure on Russia by targeting vulnerable sectors and destroying key supply chains.

  According to the news, on the basis of previous actions, Britain will prevent Russia from using IT consulting services, construction services, engineering services, advertising services and transactional legal consulting services. Britain also imposed sanctions on Elvira Nabiullina, governor of the Central Bank of the Russian Federation, and banned the export of nearly 700 kinds of goods to Russia. (Headquarters reporter Kang Yudong Chen Lincong)

通过admin

62 patented technologies! "local snacks" has turned into a pillar industry with rural revitalization characteristics

  CCTV News:Handmade dough is a local specialty snack in Baoji, Shaanxi Province, with sales exceeding 5.5 billion yuan last year. With the approach of the Spring Festival, the sales of rolled dough are hot, with a daily shipment of 1 million copies. What does a small rolling dough rely on to support such a large capacity? In the interview, the reporter found that there are actually 62 patented technologies behind a small rolled dough.

  During this time, in the dough-rolling industry gathering area in Jintai District, Baoji, Shaanxi Province, a logistics vehicle is queuing up outside the dough-rolling factory to load. At present, 30,000 orders for rolled dough sent to the United States have just been completed here.

  The reporter walked into the rolling dough enterprise that was rushing to order and saw that the production line was busy. Sheets of bright rolled dough are produced on the intelligent production line, with an average of more than 200 rolled dough off the assembly line every minute.

  What the reporter didn’t expect was that such a small rolling dough actually had 62 patented technologies. These patents cover the whole industrial production process of dough, from dough preparation, washing and precipitation, curing and molding to fermented taste. In this rolling dough production enterprise, the person in charge introduced one of the core patented technologies — — Curing technology of rolled dough.

  Patented technology ensures that the rolled dough "does not change flavor"

  Patented technology solves the problem of productivity, but can industrial production retain the traditional flavor? How to ensure the taste of rolled dough? Behind this is still the blessing of patented technology.

  Enterprise technicians told reporters that the core link to determine the taste of rolled dough is fermentation. In the past, the traditional flour paste fermentation was mainly based on experience, and the fermentation time and temperature were unstable. Now, they cooperate with Northwest A&F University, combine the concepts of food engineering and biotechnology, innovate and introduce patented fermentation technology, restore the process and retain the taste.

  Small handmade noodles drive farmers to increase their income

  The main raw material of rolling dough is wheat. In the interview, the reporter learned that from wheat planting, harvesting and processing, rolling dough has formed a whole industrial chain and has also become a big industry that drives farmers to increase their income.

  According to the agreement signed by farmers and enterprises, farmers plant high-quality strong gluten wheat, and agricultural technicians in urban areas provide guidance in important links such as wheat fertilization, watering and pest control to ensure that the quality of wheat meets the requirements of enterprises. At the same time, enterprises buy wheat at a price 10% higher than the market price.

  Handmade dough industry brings more employment opportunities to farmers

  Not only provide wheat raw materials, but also villagers can get another income by working in the dough-rolling enterprises in various villages around the dough-rolling industrial park.

  To eat rolled noodles, you also need oil, pepper, vinegar and other condiments, which in turn drive related industries and increase farmers’ income. Today, from raw material planting, production and processing to consumables packaging and logistics transportation, there are more than 100,000 employees in the whole Baoji dough rolling industry chain.

  In order to turn Baoji handmade noodles from "local snacks" into a characteristic pillar industry for rural revitalization, Baoji formulated the Implementation Plan for Brand Building of Handmade Noodles, issued the technological process standard for making Handmade Noodles, and applied for registration of geographical indication products of Baoji Handmade Noodles, so as to promote the small noodles to stride forward into a big industry.

通过admin

The benefits of the national emergency early warning information release system are highlighted.

  China Meteorological News reporter Sun Nan Niu Yanyuan correspondent Edward Zhang Sun Jiao reports. 


  On April 17, a rainstorm hit Zhejiang, and the personnel of the collapsed highway and several surrounding geological disaster-prone points in Shiyang Town, Taishun County were transferred in an orderly manner, with no casualties. This is due to the fact that at 16: 20 on the same day, Xu Weijian, the deputy mayor in charge, received a yellow rainstorm warning message released through the emergency warning information release platform, which was less than 50 minutes before the county meteorological bureau found a strong echo and began to make a forecast. After receiving the early warning, he immediately called the township departments and villages to start the prevention work.


  There are still many cases of orderly hedging like Shiyang Town during the nine rounds of rainfall from the flood season to the end of April this year. The national emergency early warning information release system plays a role in flood control and drought relief.


  During the rainstorm on April 20th, the meteorological warning of mountain torrents jointly issued by the Ministry of Water Resources and China Meteorological Bureau and the meteorological risk warning of geological disasters jointly issued by the Ministry of Land and Resources and China Meteorological Bureau were online at the same time. The Central Meteorological Observatory predicts that from 8: 00 on April 20 to 8: 00 the next day, the geological disasters of mountain torrents will occur in some areas of Guangdong with a high level. In Guangdong, the early warning information publishing platform has further refined "some areas". At 14: 00 on the 21st, the early warning level of geological disasters in Zhaoqing City was rated as level 4, which means that geological disasters caused by meteorological factors have certain risks. Zhou Yichang of Zhaoqing Meteorological Bureau quickly released the early warning to the information officers of counties, towns and villages through the early warning information release platform of emergencies with the click of a mouse. "After receiving the early warning, I passed the information to all major farmers in the first time, and everyone had preventive awareness and measures." Tan Meibing, information officer of Letang Village, Baitu Town, Zhaoqing City, said.


  On April 15th, Hunan suffered from strong convective weather. More than 30,000 early warning messages were sent from the provincial emergency early warning information release center to the five-level flood control responsible persons, primary and secondary school safety responsible persons, traffic police commanders, meteorological information officers, heads of land, forestry, transportation and other departments in the province, and all security work was put in place in advance. "This is a rare hail for decades! Thanks to your early warning information, the crops in the field were spared. " Mao Xiulin, a large grain grower, said.


  The national emergency early warning information release system was officially put into trial operation in 2015. Previously, Zheng Guoguang, director of China Meteorological Bureau, emphasized that the working idea of "co-construction by governments at all levels, sharing by all departments and sharing by the whole society" should be adhered to, so as to realize the docking of the system and the release of early warning information of all departments and create a unified and authoritative platform for the release of early warning information of various emergencies. After more than a year’s construction and operation, the national emergency early warning information release system with four levels of integration of the state, province, city and county has initially formed a "one horizontal and four vertical" business pattern.


  Li Xiaodong, director of the the State Council Emergency Office, said at the launching ceremony of the National Emergency Early Warning Information Release Center in May last year that the China Meteorological Bureau and various early warning information release functional departments have established and improved the early warning information release system according to the deployment requirements of the State Council, and continuously improved the early warning information release capability, which has played an important role in minimizing emergencies and their losses. The next step should be to make the release operation mechanism more efficient, standardized and unified, and ensure that the early warning information of emergencies is sent to the target population at the first time.


  At present, under the leadership of the State Council Emergency Office, at the national level, 16 responsible units for early warning release have completed the feedback and filing of the confirmation of early warning information release; The Ministry of Industry and Information Technology actively coordinated operators to promote the free and rapid release of "12379" early warning SMS; The State Administration of Press, Publication, Radio, Film and Television has accelerated the docking of the national emergency early warning and release system with the emergency broadcasting system.


  Local finance, development and reform departments have increased their support, and several provincial-level early warning information release system construction projects have been approved. In some places, the funds for early warning information release and operation have been included in the government’s purchase of services. Up to now, 31 provinces, 343 cities and 2015 county-level early warning information release agencies have a total of 6085 full-time and part-time early warning release personnel.


  ◆ "One Vertical and Four Horizontal" Business Layout


  


  As a part of the national emergency command platform system, the national emergency early warning information publishing system builds the national, provincial and municipal early warning information publishing platforms and county-level early warning information publishing terminals from the overall framework.


  The national early warning information publishing platform is located at the top of the four-level early warning information publishing system structure, and its information source is the the State Council Emergency Command Platform and relevant ministries and commissions; The provincial early warning information publishing platform is located on the second floor, and the information source is the superior early warning information publishing platform, the provincial government and various departments and bureaus in the province; The prefecture-level early warning information release management platform is located on the third floor, and the information sources are mainly the superior early warning information release platform, the prefecture-level government and the committees and bureaus; As the lowest level, the county-level early warning information publishing terminal is the grass-roots information receiving unit of national emergency early warning information, and the information source is the higher-level early warning information publishing platform, the county-level government and county-level committees and bureaus.


  The the State Council Emergency Office is responsible for the overall management of the national emergency warning information release system, and the provincial, prefecture-level and county-level release platforms and terminals are managed by the local government emergency office, and the daily operation and maintenance are the responsibility of the competent meteorological departments at all levels. The national emergency early warning information release system adopts the principle of "who issues, who is responsible", and all units are responsible for the early warning information released by their own units. Publishing units at different levels and in different regions can only publish a certain level of early warning information related to their own units within their own regions, and cannot publish them across regions and industries.


  ◆ Business organization


  


  In February 2015, the central editorial office officially approved the establishment of the National Early Warning Information Release Center. In May of the same year, the National Early Warning Information Publishing Center officially started its business operation. By the end of April, 11 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) such as Beijing, Tianjin, Shanxi, Shanghai, Fujian, Jiangxi, Guangdong, Guangxi, Hainan, Xinjiang and Guizhou had established provincial-level early warning information release centers. At present, 31 provinces, 343 cities and 2015 county-level early warning information release agencies have a total of 6085 full-time and part-time early warning release personnel.


  ◆ docking of various departments


  


  In the national emergency early warning information release platform, 52 kinds of early warning information from 13 departments, including public security, civil affairs, land, transportation, water conservancy, agriculture, health planning commission, safety supervision, food and drug supervision, forestry, tourism, earthquake and meteorology, have been docked and released online, and the departments of industry, information technology, environmental protection and ocean are actively carrying out system application docking work, initially realizing the unified release of multi-disaster early warning information.


  Nationwide, 90 kinds of early warning in 16 departments have been connected to the publishing system and officially put into operation. Guangdong, Shanghai, Beijing and other places have established and improved the whole society emergency linkage mechanism with early warning information as the guide.


  ◆ Early warning release situation


  


  Since the business operation on May 1, 2015, 250,000 early warnings of natural disasters, 106 early warnings of accidents and disasters, 17 public health incidents and 5 social security incidents have been issued nationwide; In addition to meteorological disaster early warning, the departments of land, water conservancy, electric power, ocean and transportation issued 661 early warning information through the national early warning release system; 31 provinces and 333 cities across the country release early warning information through the national early warning information release system.


  ◆ Construction of distribution channels


    


  Since the establishment of the national emergency early warning information release system, broadening the release channels and expanding the coverage of early warning has always been one of the focus of work. The distribution channels integrate and utilize the resources of various departments and social media, and establish a variety of early warning information distribution channels such as SMS, mobile APP, Internet, website, radio, TV, newspapers, outdoor media, building TV, etc., and also seamlessly connect with AliPay, Tencent WeChat, Sina Weibo, etc.


  In order to solve the problem of early warning information entering villages and households, 436,000 early warning loudspeakers, 767,000 information workers and 78,000 information service stations were jointly built and shared with agriculture-related and disaster-related departments. By means of ocean broadcasting and Beidou satellite, the problem of early warning information release for ships at sea is solved. Solve the problem of early warning information release for remote areas with small population density through early warning radio; The problem of early warning information release in western minority areas with poor language communication is solved by Tibetan and Uighur mobile phone MMS.


  footmark


  In 2005, the State Council issued the Decision of the State Council on Implementing the National Overall Emergency Plan for Public Emergencies.


  In November 2005, the Emergency Office of China Meteorological Bureau was established.


  In June, 2006, China Meteorological Bureau put forward the idea of national public emergency early warning information release system.


  At the end of 2006, the State Council held an examination and approval meeting of the National Emergency System Construction Plan during the Eleventh Five-Year Plan period, and decided that the national public emergency early warning information release system project should be handed over to the meteorological department for construction.


  In February 2007, China Meteorological Bureau set up a project office to start the feasibility study.


  In July 2009, the feasibility study of the project was revised according to the review opinions of the National Development and Reform Commission.


  In September 2010, the National Development and Reform Commission approved the feasibility study of the project.


  In November 2011, the National Development and Reform Commission issued an investment plan and the project was officially launched.


  In 2013, the construction of the national emergency early warning and release system entered the stage of installation, training and application for provincial, municipal and county pilot users. At the same time, the provincial, municipal and county-level emergency early warning information release systems that have started construction are gradually docked.


  On May 28th, 2013, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology agreed to open "12379" as a special number for public service of national emergency early warning information release.


  On August 1, 2013, the website of "12379" national emergency warning information was officially launched.


  On January 9, 2014, all three operators, China Telecom, China Mobile and China Unicom, were connected.


  On January 11, 2014, the national emergency early warning information release system was put into trial operation.


  In February 2015, the Central Editorial Office approved the establishment of the National Early Warning Information Release Center.


  On May 1, 2015, the business of the national emergency early warning information release system was officially put into operation.


  On May 18th, 2015, the National Early Warning Information Publishing Center was put into operation.


  On June 30th, 2015, the Secretariat of the State Council issued the Law on Operation and Management of National Emergency Early Warning Information Release System (Trial). By the end of April this year, 31 provinces (autonomous regions and municipalities directly under the Central Government) had formulated provincial-level emergency early warning information release management measures according to this method.


  On September 14, 2015, the national emergency early warning information release system application docking work conference was held, and various ministries and commissions started docking work.


 


  Source: Emergency Disaster Reduction and Public Service Department of China Meteorological Bureau and National Early Warning Information Release Center. The data time is as of May 4, 2016.








  (Source: China Meteorological News, May 6, 2016, 8th Edition Editor: Zhao Tianyu)



 


  



 

通过admin

Sixty years of Chinese Pinyin-Latinized new characters, and everyone strives to be a passionate era of Cang Xie.

February 11th this year marks the 60th anniversary of the National People’s Congress’s approval and promulgation of the Hanyu Pinyin Scheme (February 11th, 1958, approved and promulgated by the Fifth Session of the First National People’s Congress). Since the implementation of hanyu pinyin, it has achieved fruitful results: at home, it has become an important tool to read Chinese characters, eliminate illiteracy and learn Putonghua; Internationally, it has become the standard of transliteration of Chinese characters in Latin. The birth of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme is closely related to the implementation of Latinized new characters in people’s lives since the 1930s, and some features of Latinized new characters have been absorbed in the Chinese Pinyin Scheme. The Latinized New Characters Movement is also a colorful chapter in the history of Chinese language and writing. It is a passionate era in which everyone designs Pinyin and strives to be a Cang Xie in order to save the country through education.

The Latinized Textbook published in Shanghai in 1935

Origin: the birth of Latin new characters in northern dialect

The Latinized New Characters is a Chinese phonetic alphabet scheme that was implemented among the masses from the early 1930s to 1958 before the announcement of the Chinese phonetic alphabet scheme. It played an important role in China’s character reform movement and was the predecessor of Chinese Pinyin. Compared with other previous pinyin schemes, such as Wittoma-Zhai Lisi Pinyin (see the article "The most famous Chinese-English dictionary in the first half of the 20th century, including the pronunciations of 12 dialects" published by The Paper Fanshu Party on April 28, 2017) and the Romance of Mandarin (see "The Romance of Mandarin, the Failed Attempt of the Elite to Rebuild Civilization" published by The Paper Private History on January 12, 2018). Another major difference is that the first two were designed by sinologists and domestic linguists from Western consulates in China. However, Latinized new characters are a phonetic scheme invented by left-wing intellectuals and attracted the participation of the public.

Qu Qiubai

In April 1928, Qu Qiubai went to Moscow to preside over the upcoming Sixth National Congress of the Communist Party of China. At this time, it was the climax of the Soviet Union’s campaign to eliminate illiteracy, and the literacy target also included 100,000 Chinese workers in the Far East of the Soviet Union. In September, 1928, the Nanjing National Government College (once renamed as the College by the Ministry of Education) officially published the French Pinyin of Roman Characters in Mandarin, which was drawn up by the "Several People’s Association". Like Lu Xun, Qu Qiubai thinks that the Roman characters in Mandarin are a scheme formulated by scholars in the study, which is divorced from reality; Chinese, who was in the Soviet Union at that time, also believed that Latin alphabet literacy should be faster than Chinese character education. Therefore, he is determined to create a set of pinyin schemes that are more suitable for the public.

In February, 1929, with the help of Soviet sinologist Guo Zhisheng (C·B·Колокопов), Qu Qiubai drew up the Draft of Latin Alphabet of China. In October, the plan was finalized and finally named "The Latinized Letters of China". In the spring of 1930, "The Latinized Letter of China" was first published in the No.2 issue of Moscow’s "China Question" magazine, and then a one-line booklet was published by China Workers’ Communist University Press, which caused great repercussions. The booklet is printed in Chinese characters, Latin new characters and Russian, and its contents are in three aspects: first, it talks about the difficulty of learning Chinese characters and the possibility of pinyin of China characters; The second is to talk about whether it is necessary to note the tone; The third is the scheme and spelling.

The Latinized Letters of China.

In September, 1931, Vladivostok held the first congress on the Latinization of China characters, and determined the plan for the Latinization of new characters. However, because the Chinese workers in Vladivostok are basically northerners, in fact, the plan adopted by the conference is only one kind of Latin new characters in the northern dialect. Its phonetic standard is close to the old national sound established by the "Pronunciation Unification Conference" in 1913 (see The Paper Private History, June 25, 2017, The Attempt of phonetic chinese characters Without Inheritance: The History of Phonetic Symbols). Beila, as the predecessor of Chinese Pinyin, has a high similarity. The main differences are:

First, distinguish the sharp group sounds, and see the postal pinyin of word processing, even if it is palatalized, it is spelled without palatalization. Example: giu (9), ziu (wine).

Second, do not write empty rhymes (vowels on the tip of the tongue), I only mark vowels [i]. Example: z (word).

(3) ? [y] of Chinese Pinyin, and writing y in new characters; However, y[j], which is used as a prefix by Chinese Pinyin, is defined as J in new characters, but it is only used to separate syllables in the middle of words.

Fourth, the er of Chinese pinyin, writing r in new characters.

Fifth, the tone is not marked, and the tone is regarded as an element that should be removed from Chinese. Save only a few that are extremely necessary and easily confused, and distinguish them by changing spelling, for example: jou (You), ju (You), maai (Buy), mai (Sell), Shansi (Shanxi) and Shanansi (Shaanxi);

Sixth, direct spelling of foreign words, for example: Latinxua (Latinization).

A New Latin Writing Scheme for Northern Dialect

The Congress also formulated thirteen principles of Latin new characters. Generally speaking, Chinese phonetic characters must be modernized, internationalized, popularized and dialectalized. Proceeding from the national conditions at that time, the Congress advocated that all dialects in China should be covered as far as possible in letter design, and each dialect could be written by itself. Popularization and dialectalization are the biggest differences between new characters and Guoluo, and Guoluo has clear phonetic standards, as Lu Xun later said: "Now China is not unified by one language, so it is necessary to spell according to the languages of different places and communicate in the future." (Lu Xun’s "On New Characters") In addition, due to the limitations of the times, the General Assembly, like the Guoluo School, believes that Chinese characters should be abolished.

On March 16th, 1950, Ningbo People’s Daily reprinted the Thirteen Principles of New Characters in China.

After the scheme was determined, in a short time, great progress was made in latinized new characters. By November 1933, the Far East had published 47 books in new languages, with a total of more than 100,000 copies printed.

Spark: the practice of Latin new characters in Ningbo dialect

In the early 1930 s, although overseas education on new characters had been carried out in full swing; At home, because the Kuomintang blocked the news, the public didn’t know the new characters at first. Fang Shan Jing (pen name Jiao Feng, a native of Zhenhai, Zhejiang), an esperantist, was the first to introduce new Latin characters to China. In 1933, after he saw Xiao San’s "Latinization of Chinese Calligraphy" in the publication "New Stage" of the Esperanto organ, he translated it into Chinese, which attracted the attention of domestic cultural circles. In October of the same year, Fang Shanjing published "The Latinization of Chinese Calligraphy", calling for vigorously promoting new characters.

Fang Shan territory

Shanghai is the center of the Latin New Character Movement. In 1934, the debate on popular language began in Shanghai cultural circles. Lu Xun and others criticized Wang Maozu and other old literati’s perverse ideas at that time, such as "abolishing vernacular", "restoring classical Chinese" and "advocating respecting Confucius and reading classics", which also promoted the movement of Latin new characters. Ye Laishi, a character reformer (formerly known as Bao Shuyuan, a native of Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province, who has served as secretary-general, deputy director and consultant of the China Character Reform Committee since the founding of the People’s Republic of China) pointed out in Popular Language, Dialect and Latinization: "Dialect characters (pinyin characters written in dialects) are a sharp weapon to eliminate illiteracy". It is an important stage of the development of popular language, which is mutually promoted and closely combined with the popular language movement. Therefore, it actively advocates the latinization of dialect areas everywhere. On October 13th, Lu Xun published an article, saying that new characters are a sharp weapon for literacy: "But in China, only about two-tenths of the population are literate, and of course there are fewer people who can write … until the proposal of Latinization appears, this is the key to solving the problem." (Lu Xun’s essays on Jiejieting, the rebirth of China language).

Ye Laishi

In August of that year, Ye Laishi and others set up the Chinese Latinization Research Association in Shanghai, and began to spread the new Latin characters. The first thing the seminar did was to publish a booklet introducing new characters, The Latinization of Chinese Writing-Theory, Principles and Scheme. In November, Speech Science, the journal of esperanto association, published the Latin Draft of Ningbo Dialect in Fang Shan, which proved that the new characters can be popularized and dialectomized. This exciting practice has greatly expanded the influence scope of Latinized new characters.

The Latinization of Chinese Writing-Theoretical Principle Scheme

The biggest reason why Lu Xun supports new characters is that they are easy to learn. "As long as you know 28 letters and learn a little spelling and writing, anyone can write and understand them except slackers and imbeciles. And it also has the advantage of writing quickly. " (Lu Xun’s essays on Jiejie Pavilion, Talking about Foreign Languages) In March 1935, Mao Dun also published On New Characters, explaining his clear support position.

In December, 1935, the latinized new characters ushered in the most brilliant node in the history of sports. Tao Xingzhi initiated the establishment of the China New Characters Research Association in Shanghai, as the general meeting of the national new characters research groups, which played a great coordinating role for associations and workers all over the country. The seminar passed the "Our Opinions on Promoting New Characters" signed by 688 famous people from all walks of life in China, including Cai Yuanpei (he was the main supporter of Guoluo, but now he supports new characters), Sun Ke, Lu Xun, Tao Xingzhi and Chen Wangdao. The opinion said: "China has arrived in do or die (in 1996, the Japanese began to encroach on North China and set up the puppet regime’ Jidong Anti-Communist Autonomous Government’), and we must educate the public … The new characters that China people need are pinyin new characters." In the opinion, six specific suggestions were put forward to promote the new characters.

Latinized Chinese character reading "Everyone forms a heart"

Start a prairie fire: the spread of Latin new characters in popular language

Wu Zhihui, president of "Pronunciation Unification Association", once recalled that there were various pinyin schemes collected at the meeting in 1913, which made him feel that "everyone wants to be Cang Xie". Compared with the spreading period of Latin new characters, the enthusiasm of design scheme in this period is obviously far behind. Designers of phonetic symbols need to have a high level of knowledge in traditional primary schools (primary schools are the subjects that study the ancient Chinese language and characters in China, including phonology of phonetic interpretation, philology of phonetic interpretation, exegetics of interpretation, etc.), and all 80 representatives of the pronunciation unification association are linguistic elites; The designer of the Latinized New Text Scheme only needs to have literacy level. Under the impetus of domestic celebrities such as Lu Xun and the influence of core scholars such as Fang Shan Jing, N kinds of Latin new characters appeared, and the era of everyone striving to be Cang Xie appeared in China. This is actually an extension and practice of the popular language movement in terms of words.

From 1934 to 1937, following Beila, China Latinized New Characters successively designed 13 dialect schemes, including Ningbo dialect, Shanghai dialect (later renamed Jiangnan dialect), Suzhou dialect, Wuxi dialect, Wenzhou dialect, Fuzhou dialect, Xiamen dialect, Hakka dialect, Guangzhou dialect, Chaozhou dialect, Guangxi dialect, Hubei dialect and Sichuan dialect. Moreover, many large dialects even have county-level dialect schemes. For example, Ningbo, the hometown of Fang Shan, has also produced a new Latin script of Zhenhai dialect (designer Li Changlai) and a new script of Dinghai dialect (designer Yang Liangji). In this era, the popularity of mass pinyin design may only be comparable to that in the 1980s, when thousands of Chinese character input methods were invented.

Another manifestation of the rapid development of the Latinized New Characters Movement is the emergence of a large number of folk research groups. As a linguist, Ni Haishu (formerly known as Ni Weiliang, a native of Shanghai, who was the deputy director of the China Character Reform Committee after the founding of the People’s Republic of China) made statistics: "Since the Latinized Chinese characters were put forward, they have been in Shanghai, Beiping, Tianjin, Taiyuan, Kaifeng, Xi ‘an, Chongqing, Kunming, Hankou, Changsha, Nanjing, Yangzhou, Suzhou, Wuxi, Ningbo, Dushan, Guangdong and Puning. From August 1934 to August 1937, there were at least 70 Latinized groups established in various places in the past three years. " (Ni Haishu, "A Brief History of the Phonetic Character Movement in China")

Since the development of the Latinized New Characters Movement, the Nanjing National Government has been in a state of opposition, believing that it will affect the status of phonetic symbols. On January 1, 1936, the Kuomintang began to ban new characters and ordered newspapers to ban articles about new characters. "Then people were arrested in Shanghai, Beiping and other places, and all of them were run by the Communist Party." (Ni Haishu’s "The History and Chronicle of the Latinized New Characters Movement") In October, students in the new characters class of Shanghai Workers’ Night School were also arrested for writing banners of Latinized new characters in northern dialect and Shanghai dialect to bid farewell to Lu Xun.

In 1938, Chiang Kai-shek lost to Hankou. In May, in order to cope with the cruel War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and unite all forces that can be United, the Propaganda Department of the Kuomintang Central Committee had to announce the lifting of the ban. "If the Latinization movement of Chinese characters does not hinder or distract the Chinese people from the war of resistance, it is not bad to study it from a purely academic standpoint, or to regard it as a tool of social movements." (Ni Haishu, "The History and Chronicle of the Latinized New Characters Movement") The new characters have finally been recognized by the National Government. Fang Shan Jing and Ye Laishi, the core figures of the New Writing Movement who retreated to Hankou, also reached a consensus of reconciliation with their opponents-Guo Luo Pai Wang Yuchuan after interviews. In September, Hankou, as the wartime command center of the Kuomintang, also appeared such new books as Mr. Sun Yat-sen’s Three People’s Principles.

The New Text Version of Mr. Zhongshan’s Three People’s Principles

Unlike the Kuomintang, communist party has been actively supporting the Latinized New Writing Movement. The Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region and various base areas (liberated areas) have established the New Characters Research Society. In February 1940, the Latinized Sowing Team was established in the anti-Japanese base area in northern Jiangsu. In November 1940, Yan ‘an established the Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia Border Region New Characters Association. In June 1942, the Huainan New Characters Promotion Association was established in the Jiangsu-Anhui Border Region. At that time, stamps or teaching materials with new characters were issued in the liberated areas, which is the historical evidence of the application of new characters. On December 23, 2017, Poly Autumn Auction, a 1943 "Huainan" five-pointed star with a 20-point stamp was sold for 3,105,000 yuan; At the same time, a 10-cent stamp issued by Shuzhu District in 1945 was auctioned.

In 1949, the textbook of Liaoxi Provincial People’s Government in the Liberated Area "Nine-day Pass of New Characters"

After the full-scale outbreak of the Anti-Japanese War, compared with the almost disappeared national language Roman characters, the Latin new characters also showed great vitality. From November 1937 to November 1938, Ni Haishu and others conducted literacy experiments in 40 refugee shelters and 30,000 refugees in Shanghai, and achieved remarkable results. In the liberated areas, people use Beila to literacy, and the effect is also obvious.

Teaching situation of new language classes in refugee shelters

During the period from liberation to the publication of the Chinese Pinyin Scheme, Chinese people’s enthusiasm for the study of new characters remained the same. Shanghai New Writers Association was established in September 1949, with Chen Wangdao as its chairman and Ni Haishu as its vice chairman. The print run of Knowledge of Chinese published by the Association reaches as many as 150,000 copies per issue. Major cities in China, such as Hangzhou, Ningbo, Qingdao, and even overseas Chinese in Japan and Singapore also have new character education activities.

In August, 1949, Wu Yuzhang wrote to President Mao Zedong, suggesting that in order to effectively eliminate illiteracy, it is necessary to carry out rapid text reform. On October 10th, China Character Reform Association was formally established, with the task of studying the formulation of Chinese Pinyin scheme. In December, 1951, the Cultural Education Committee of the State Council set up the China Character Reform Research Committee, with Ma Xulun as the chairman and Wu Yuzhang as the vice-chairman. The members mainly included those who had participated in phonetic symbols, those who had participated in Roman characters in the national language (the former two were li jinxi) and those who had participated in Latin new characters (such as Ye Laishi and Ni Haishu). By 1955, 633 people from all over the country and overseas Chinese had sent 655 Chinese phonetic alphabet schemes, of which 264 were selected by the Chinese Character Reform Research Committee and compiled into the Compilation of Chinese phonetic alphabet schemes sent by people from all over the country as reference materials for developing Chinese phonetic alphabet schemes. This phenomenal scene is inseparable from the new writing movement.

"Compilation of Chinese Pinyin Writing Schemes Sent by People from Various Places"

On October 14th, 1955, the Pinyin Scheme Committee of China Character Reform Commission submitted the First Draft of the Scheme of Chinese Pinyin Characters (Latin alphabet) to the National Character Reform Conference, which was similar to Beila, but also divided into different groups. In 1958, the officially promulgated Chinese Pinyin Scheme also absorbed the characteristics of phonetic symbols, national Roman characters and Latin new characters.

On February 3, 1958, Wu Yuzhang gave a report on the scheme of Chinese Pinyin at the Fifth Session of the First National People’s Congress.

In January 1986, in his later years, Ye Laishi fondly recalled: "The Latinized New Characters was the most extensive and far-reaching character reform movement in the history of China before liberation … It was closely integrated with the national salvation movement at that time, and went deep into workers, peasants, troops, refugees and overseas Chinese, and received extremely enthusiastic support from many progressive and patriotic people, such as Cai Yuanpei, Zhang Yilin, Lu Xun and others … (Preface of Ni Haishu’s "The Beginning and End of the Latinized New Character Movement and Chronicle") This assertion of the old man is the best summary of the New Character Movement.

The whole story and chronicle of the Latinized New Character Movement.

References:

Ni Haishu: The History and Chronology of the Latinized New Character Movement, Knowledge Publishing House, December 1987.

Ye Laishi: Selected Works of Ye Laishi, China Esperanto Publishing House, September 1995.

Shi Chuankan and Xiao Songlan: One Hundred Years of Chinese, Shanghai Education Press, September 2008.

通过admin

Scientifically grasp the connotation, characteristics and path of high-quality economic development

  Theoretical connotation of high-quality economic development

  The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that China’s economy has shifted from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage. This is a major judgment made by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core according to the changes in the international and domestic environment, especially the changes in China’s development conditions and stages. The core of high-quality economic development is quality first and benefit first, which has profound theoretical connotation and great practical guiding significance.

  Looking at the history of world economic development, the understanding of the law of economic development evolution and quality and efficiency is deepening with the development of social productive forces. From the early use of "efficiency" or "efficiency" to express the pursuit of the quality of economic development, to the economic growth theory in western economics that technological progress is the decisive factor to achieve sustainable economic development. With the deepening and development of theoretical research, the research on the quality of economic development has gradually expanded to institutional system, social equity, environmental protection and so on.

  With regard to the current high-quality economic development in China, the central authorities stressed that high-quality development is a development that can well meet the people’s growing needs for a better life and embodies the new development concept. This thesis clarifies the purpose and means of high-quality development. Described by personal capital, high-quality economic development is an economic development that provides high-quality products and services to the whole society in a sustained and fair way with high efficiency and high efficiency, and it is a high-quality, high-efficiency and high-stability supply system in the specific economic form.

  First, the quality of the supply system is high. The supply system includes three links: factor input, intermediate input and final output. The quality of the three links of the supply system is closely related. The high quality of the supply system means that the quality of all three links should be high. The high quality of factor input refers to the high quality of labor, capital, technology, energy resources, data, information and other factors put into the supply system, which is manifested in the high quality of labor, the high degree of automation, data and informatization of production materials, the high degree of greening of energy resources, the high technical level put into the production process, and the large scale, quality and value of information and data resources. The high quality of intermediate products means that the intermediate products in the production process, such as the quality and precision of parts, can meet the production needs well, which requires the continuous improvement of industrial division of labor and specialization, the continuous optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and the formation of an effective collaborative and mutually supportive supply chain system. High quality of final output is an important connotation of high-quality development, that is, what we usually call high quality of products and services means that we can provide high-quality products and services to meet the diversified, personalized and escalating high-grade needs of consumers and better meet the growing needs of people for a better life. High-quality supply system is characterized by high quality and high performance of products and services at the level of specific output forms; At the industrial level, it is manifested as a rational and advanced industrial structure.

  The second is the high efficiency of the supply system. From a static point of view, the high efficiency of the supply system is manifested in the unity of high technical efficiency and good economic benefits. Technical efficiency determines that under the given resource conditions, production possibility frontier, in the reality of scarce resources, promoting high-quality development inevitably requires the efficient and intensive development of the potential of existing resource elements, maximizing the input-output efficiency of various production factors, and achieving a fairly high level of capital efficiency and human resource efficiency. Economic benefits emphasize the rationality of resource allocation and combination, which represents the degree of allocation efficiency and reasonable distribution. High-quality development requires the rational allocation of resources between different uses, so that the marginal productivity of all kinds of factors can reach the highest, and marginal return of all kinds of factors can reach the highest. From a dynamic point of view, the high efficiency of the supply system is also manifested in the continuous improvement of efficiency, which has become the driving force for sustained and strong economic development, that is, economic growth has shifted from mainly relying on factor input to relying more on the improvement of total factor productivity, and the contribution of total factor productivity in the driving force of economic growth has been continuously improved. In this sense, the transformation process of economic growth momentum is also a process of promoting output efficiency, and power transformation and efficiency improvement are unified.

  Third, the stability of the supply system is high. High-quality economic development should also be reflected in maintaining a relatively high level of stability in the supply system. From the time dimension, high stability is characterized by stable economic operation in a reasonable range in the short term and strong sustainability of output in the medium and long term. From the spatial dimension, high stability requires not only the health and stability of the economic system itself, but also the coordination of the economic system with society and environment. At the same time, economic development can provide development opportunities for all members of society, and the results will be shared by all people. In terms of resources and environment, rational utilization of natural resources and effective protection of ecological environment can bear long-term sustainable economic growth. In short, high stability of economic development means stable economic operation, controllable major risks, bearable resources and environment, and shared development achievements.

  It should be emphasized that the high quality, efficiency and stability of the supply system are the core essence of high-quality economic development. Only when these characteristics are simultaneously possessed, and these characteristics are mutually supportive rather than conflicting, can they be called high-quality economic development.

  High-quality development is a gradual and systematic development process

  Summarizing the past development experience at home and abroad, high-quality development shows obvious stage characteristics. With the transformation of economic development stage, some aspects related to development quality, such as product and service quality, technical efficiency and economic benefit, economic growth power transformation, environmental quality, income distribution, etc., will change in trend at a certain time. It mainly shows that with the economic development, the quality of production factors such as capital and labor has been continuously improved, the quality of output has been continuously improved, the labor productivity has been continuously improved, and the industrial added value rate has been continuously improved. The driving force of economic development has shifted from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven, and the industrial structure has been continuously upgraded. What needs special attention is that these trend changes do not happen naturally, which are not only the embodiment of objective laws, but also the result of institutional policies.

  By analyzing the changes of main quality indicators in different development stages, we can find that the transition to high-quality development presents the following typical characteristics: First, it is gradual. High-quality development is a process of constant change and slow evolution, and it is also a process from small accumulation to big change, from quantitative change to qualitative change. In this development process, factors, product and industrial quality, output efficiency, economic growth momentum, as well as the stability of economic growth and the sustainability of development have gradually changed. The improvement of output quality usually starts from the improvement of micro-factor quality, and then the driving force of economic growth shifts from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven. At the same time, the use efficiency of micro-factor and macro-total factor productivity are constantly improved, which lays the foundation for the improvement of output quality. The gradual development of high quality is also the result of the gradual improvement of demand level. The high quality of supply cannot exist in isolation from the fundamental purpose of meeting demand, and it needs to meet the low-level demand first and then change to meet the high-level demand. The second is systematic. High-quality development is an all-round and systematic process of change, and high-quality development in various fields is both a prerequisite and a result. In this development process, systematic changes have taken place at both ends of supply and demand, input and output, micro and macro fields. This includes both the optimization of industrial structure on the supply side and the upgrading and shifting of consumption on the demand side; It includes not only the improvement of labor, capital and other factors at the input end and the quality of intermediate inputs, but also the improvement of product quality and performance at the output end; Including the improvement of the use efficiency of micro-elements,It also includes the improvement of macro total factor productivity; It includes not only the transformation of short-term growth momentum, but also the fairer and more sustainable long-term development. What needs to be seen is that high-quality development is a spiral upward process, which is not only an objective and inevitable law that quantity accumulation will inevitably turn to quality improvement at a certain stage, but also the result of policy efforts to overcome difficulties and take the initiative. The two work together to better promote high-quality economic development.

  An important path to promote high-quality economic development

  Promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change of economic development is the key to realize high-quality economic development. Among them, quality change is the main body, efficiency change is the main line, and power change is the foundation. The three depend on each other and are an organic whole. Generally speaking, the core of promoting the three major changes is to improve the quality of factors and increase the total factor productivity, and the fundamental driving force lies in scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation.

  First, to improve the quality of the supply system as the main direction to promote quality change.

  Improving the quality of the supply system is to promote the all-round reform of ideas, objectives, systems and work details in specific fields. It is a systematic project, and the quality reform should be promoted from three aspects: the quality of factor input, the quality of intermediate input and the quality of final output.

  The first is to improve the quality of factor input. Factor input is the foundation, and its quality directly affects the quality of intermediate input and final output. From the perspective of labor factors, the higher the health status, years of education and skill level, the higher the output quality. From the perspective of capital factors, the output quality of different levels of factories, machinery and equipment will also be significantly different. From the perspective of technical factors, adopting higher-level science and technology and technology will also help to improve the quality of output. It can be said that the quality of factor input largely determines the quality of output and is the starting point for improving the quality of supply system. At the same time, recent studies show that the improvement of factor quality in developed countries has made an increasingly significant contribution to economic development, and the improvement of factor quality also has spillover effect on productivity improvement.

  The second is to improve the input quality of intermediate products. The refinement and specialization of socialized division of labor constitute the industrial chain form of all walks of life. The quality of products in each chain will affect the quality of final output, and the input of intermediate products in key links can even directly determine whether the final output can be produced and the quality of production. China has been deeply embedded in the global industrial chain, but there are still many bottlenecks in the intermediate products of key links. Therefore, improving the input quality of intermediate products is the key to improve the quality of supply system, which requires building a mid-to high-end industrial structure and forming an effective industrial synergy supporting system.

  The third is to improve the quality of final output. Starting from better meeting people’s growing needs for a better life, high quality products and services is the core and foothold of high quality supply system. The final product and service quality is related to the quality of residents’ consumption and the international competitiveness of a country’s products. We must speed up the improvement of China’s product and service quality by adjusting the quality standard system and promoting the quality brand action, so as to better promote the quality improvement of the supply system.

  Second, promote efficiency change with improving total factor productivity as the core.

  Improving output efficiency is the eternal theme of economics. The key to promoting efficiency change is to improve total factor productivity, so that economic growth depends more on total factor productivity. Total factor productivity is the "residual" contribution excluding the contribution of factor input. To improve the total factor productivity, we must vigorously promote the efficiency reform, constantly improve the technical efficiency and improve the efficiency of factor allocation.

  The first is to improve technical efficiency. Technical efficiency corresponds to production possibility frontier, and improving technical efficiency means pushing production possibility frontier outward, which means the maximum output increase caused by the same scale of investment. From the essence of economic development, technical efficiency is the most important connotation of total factor productivity, and it should also occupy the most important position in total factor productivity, because it has broken through the original capacity boundary and reached a new and higher level. Promoting technical efficiency and continuously increasing the contribution of total factor productivity to economic growth is an important way to break the constraints of resources and environment and an important driving force to maintain long-term sustainable economic growth.

  The second is to improve the efficiency of factor allocation. The efficiency of factor allocation affects the distance between actual output and production possibility frontier. If only the technical efficiency is improved and the factor allocation efficiency is low, the actual output will be far away from production possibility frontier, and the potential of technological progress to promote economic development will not be fully released. Under the dual economic structure, promoting the transfer of production factors from low-productivity departments to high-productivity departments and improving the allocation of factors have a significant effect on improving the total factor productivity. In addition, other factors that affect the efficiency of factor allocation include system and management. Good system and high-level management can also provide effective incentives, thus improving the supply and use efficiency of factors and improving the total factor productivity.

  Third, focus on scientific and technological innovation and system reform to promote dynamic change.

  From a deeper perspective, the driving force of economic development is to expand the input and output drive of existing resources and factors under the established technical level, which is an extension expansion on the original path. The other is to expand the scope of resources, improve the efficiency of resource elements and create new output drivers through technological and institutional innovation, which is a structural change of the economy. The change of the driving force of economic development, from relying mainly on the former to relying mainly on the latter, is an important manifestation of the economy turning to high-quality development.

  First, scientific and technological innovation is the key driving force for economic development. Without technological innovation, with the increase of resource scarcity and the law of diminishing factor returns, economic development will come to a standstill. Through technological innovation, we can expand the scope of available resources and break the bottleneck of resources; Improve the use efficiency of resources and elements, and create more output with less input; It provides a technical basis for the configuration and combination of elements in a larger space; Create new diversified and high-quality products and services to better attract and meet the demand; Solve the negative effects of economic development on the environment and enhance the sustainability of economic development. It can be said that all aspects of the connotation of high-quality development are closely related to scientific and technological innovation, so scientific and technological innovation must be the first driving force for high-quality development.

  Second, institutional innovation is also an important driving force to promote high-quality economic development. Institutional changes affect all dimensions of economic development. Reasonable institutional arrangements can continuously improve the quality and efficiency of economic development in a country or region, improve the total factor productivity and better promote high-quality economic development. For example, reasonable property right system and price system arrangement are helpful to promote the recombination of production factors, improve the efficiency of factor allocation, and are conducive to economic and efficient development; Effective market competition mechanism and intellectual property protection system can accelerate innovation and technological progress and promote economic innovation and development; Scientific management of resources and environment and system of ecological civilization can promote the improvement and sustainability of resources and environment; Wait. At present and in the future, we should make more efforts to deepen the reform of institutional mechanisms, so as to better stimulate the creativity and development vitality of the whole society and promote higher quality, more efficient, fairer and more sustainable economic development.

通过admin

Read the Apollo program first: how did the United States defeat the Soviet Union and realize the first moon landing?

        While carrying out manned space flight, korolev began its efforts to fly out of the earth. Of course, the moon closest to the earth is the first landing target for human beings to go into space. In order to land on the moon, at least three people need to take the same spaceship, so the size and weight of the spaceship are much larger than that of the Dongfang, which carried an astronaut before. In addition, the distance to land on the moon is much farther than that of orbiting the earth, so the thrust of the rocket must be much larger than that of the previous R-7. Korolev began to improve the R-7 in 1958. However, due to the political turmoil in the former Soviet Union, he was short of funds, and his work encountered many troubles. In 1959, Luna, the first spacecraft of the former Soviet Union to explore the moon, was supposed to touch the moon, but in the end it was 6,000 kilometers off the scheduled orbit. Fortunately, Lunar Exploration II was a success, becoming the first human aircraft to reach the moon, and korolev won the first place in the world for the former Soviet Union. The third ship went one step further. It sent back photos of the back of the moon.

Sergei korolev, the father of space flight in the former Soviet Union

        According to korolev’s plan, it is a matter of time before the Soviet Union landed on the moon, and it should be before the Americans. In order to meet the needs of landing on the moon, korolev put forward a new design scheme and long-term planning for a large rocket, which is the famous N1 launch vehicle of the former Soviet Union. N1 also has two little brothers N2 and N3, whose size and thrust are gradually reduced, and the latter is used to carry intercontinental missiles. However, just after the design scheme of N1 was released, before it was implemented, the former Soviet Union was caught in a debate about whether to give priority to the development of intercontinental missiles or manned rockets. In December, 1959, after intense discussions among officials in charge and experts at all levels, the idea of giving priority to missile development prevailed. In this case, there is no need to build a super-large rocket like N1. Although korolev has also obtained some funds to continue to develop rockets for landing on the moon, the former Soviet Union’s moon landing plan has temporarily stalled.

        At the same time, the White House ushered in a new owner, and the United States also entered their new era. The balance of the space race began to tilt in favor of the United States.

        On January 20, 1961, snow covered Washington, the capital of the United States. The youngest president in American history, only 43-year-old John F. Kennedy, was sworn in in front of the White House. A few months ago, he defeated Nixon, the then vice president, in the general election, and the two men always could not avoid a controversial topic-how to defeat the Soviet Union in the Cold War. American efforts began with President Eisenhower, and Nixon, then vice president, did a lot of work. However, the youthful Kennedy was much more ambitious than his predecessor. In Kennedy’s famous inaugural speech, he put exploring the mysteries of interstellar space as the first priority in his scientific work, before conquering deserts and treating diseases. And he called on the United States and the Soviet Union to join hands in these fields. Only four months later, Kennedy put forward an ambitious space program-landing on the moon within ten years. This program was named after the sun god, which is the famous Apollo Program.

        

Von Braun is with President Kennedy.

        The Apollo program is the largest plan for human beings to explore space and unknown areas, and the whole country in the United States has mobilized. Hundreds of universities, research institutions and companies, more than 20,000 scientists and 400,000 people directly and indirectly participated in this space program. The key to the Apollo program is the development of the rocket to the moon, and the popular candidate is von Braun. Therefore, when the project was about to begin, von Braun and his team transferred from the Army to NASA. Von Braun served as the director of Marshall Space Center, responsible for the development of rockets to the moon, the project code-named Saturn. Von Braun’s new job began in 1961, and he was fighting against his unknown opponent in the Soviet Union.

Von Braun, praised by NASA as the first person in the history of world space.

        Compared with korolev, von Braun is much luckier. The United States is more secure in financial resources and manpower than the former Soviet Union, so Americans catch up quickly. In 1961, von Braun’s Saturn I rocket was successfully developed, which was the first large thrust rocket made in the United States. The thrust of the first stage rocket reached 6670 kn, exceeding the thrust of all R-7 engines. Generally speaking, Saturn-1 was very successful. It not only successfully put five spacecraft, including command module and service module, into Earth orbit in 1964-1965, but also sent some satellites related to the Apollo program and microwave survey ships between the Earth and the Moon (to prepare for the subsequent communication on the moon) to the scheduled orbit.

The three astronauts of Apollo 11 reunited in front of the lunar module that year.

        NASA originally planned to use Saturn-1 to carry out four manned space flights in 1965-1966, but later it was found that the thrust of the rocket was slightly insufficient, so von Braun developed a Saturn-B rocket with stronger thrust in 1963. The thrust of its first-stage rocket was about 10% higher than that of Saturn-1, and the thrust of its second-stage rocket was more than doubled (890 kN to 400 kN). So far, the United States In addition to rocket technology, there are many cutting-edge technologies needed for landing on the moon. Let’s take a look at the preparations made by Americans on several key technologies.

        The first is the technology of landing and leaving the moon.It is not easy for astronauts to land on the moon safely. On the earth, with the help of the atmosphere and the ocean, we can slow down the capsule that is about to land by parachute, and we can also land on the ocean in order to prevent the capsule from colliding with the ground. Unlike the earth, the moon has neither atmosphere nor ocean, so these methods of landing on the earth are not used on the moon. The only way is to slow down the lunar module with a reverse rocket, just like what we saw in the movie Star Wars and various science fiction films. But in reality, it is very difficult to do so, and the rocket jet speed and angle must be controlled very well.

        Of course, astronauts are neither Chang ‘e nor WU GANG, so they can’t live on the moon for a long time, and they still need to leave the moon and return to Earth. At the beginning of the Apollo program, NASA proposed four return schemes.

        The first plan is to take a big rocket with the lander, and the United States is the smallest.

        The fourth scheme is to launch two rockets to the moon, one carrying the lunar module and the other carrying the rocket returning from the moon to the earth, and then assemble it on the moon. The disadvantage of this method is that if the trajectories of the two rockets deviate a little, the landing point of the lunar module and the returning rocket will be 180 kilometers or more, and the astronauts will not come back.

        Most experts prefer the first scheme because it is simple. At that time, most experts were not sure about air docking. In fact, von Braun also supports this scheme, and has planned to design a Nova rocket (nova) larger than Saturn V to accomplish this mission. However, a scientist named John Houbolt (1919-) insisted that the total weight of lunar landing equipment should be as light as possible, and tried his best to convince most people, so experts including the Marshall Space Center led by von Braun accepted the third scheme. The Apollo program finally adopted this scheme and achieved success. American historians believe that it would not have been possible to land on the moon in the late 1960s if NASA had not finally adopted the opinions of a few people, although Americans were able to land on the moon in the end.

        Of course, one of the difficulties of this plan is docking. For this reason, Apollo 9 conducted a docking test in orbit around the earth, and the test was successful. Only then did the Americans move on.

        Secondly, the technology of the moon landing spacecraft..Spacecraft landing on the moon include Command and Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM). As shown in the figure below:

The three parts of Apollo 11, from left to right, are the service module, the command module and the lunar module.

        The command module is the shelter for astronauts on their way back and forth. It is not only to send astronauts from the earth to the moon orbit, but also to return them, and it is also the only part that re-enters the atmosphere to send astronauts to the surface, so it has been tested the most in the Apollo program. This module is about three and a half meters in diameter, nearly four meters high and weighs 5.5 tons. The service module (SM) is connected with the command module (CM, sometimes called the space module in the news), and its diameter is similar to that of the command module, but its length is seven meters. It transports all kinds of materials needed for landing on the moon, including liquid fuel and various equipment, weighing 24 tons. The service module is connected to the command module and flies to the moon together, but it will be thrown away when the spacecraft re-enters the earth’s atmosphere. Most of the time, the service module and the command module are tested together. The part of landing on the moon includes the thrust rocket needed for landing on the moon and the rocket leaving the moon, as well as the lunar module. Although the weight of this part has been reduced as much as possible in the design, it still weighs 15 tons.

        Then there is the control technology.One of the most critical technologies is the Kalman filter in automatic control. This filtering method was invented by Rudolph E. Kalman (1930-), an American Hungarian mathematician. At the beginning of this control theory put forward by Kalman, its practicability was so doubtful that he did not publish this achievement in the journal of electronic engineering and automatic control, but published it in the journal of mathematics. One day in 1960, Kalman visited Stanley Schmidt (1944-), who worked in NASA, and found that his method was very useful for solving the difficult problem of orbit prediction in Apollo program, so he taught it to Schmidt.

        Finally, there is the problem of communication between the earth and the moon.The moon is 380 thousand kilometers away from our earth, nearly 10 times the circumference of the earth. Such long-distance two-way communication has never been carried out by humans before. Will the attenuation of the signal interrupt communication? In addition, it takes more than two seconds for radio waves to travel back and forth between the earth and the moon once. How to eliminate the influence of this delay on control? There are many problems that need to be tested one by one to determine. To this end, the United States launched some spacecraft to test the communication between the earth and the moon. Finally, Motorola provided intercom equipment between the moon and the earth. Unfortunately, this great company no longer exists independently today.

        In the race to the moon, the former Soviet Union was far behind the United States in key technologies except rocket technology.

        Of course, in the end, everything will go back to the rocket, because the total weight of several parts of the whole moon landing spacecraft exceeds 45 tons, which makes the manufacture of large thrust rockets become the bottleneck of the whole plan. Von Braun’s team needs to design a rocket with much larger thrust than Saturn-B. The previous dozens of various launch tests undoubtedly provided rich technical accumulation for their later development of new rockets. In 1967, von Braun’s masterpiece Saturn V was born.

        But in January 1967, Apollo 1 had an accident before it was launched. In a ground test, the oxygen cabin exploded and the spacecraft caught fire, killing all three astronauts. The accident did not shake the determination of Americans, but helped Americans find many problems and make a lot of improvements, from the design of spacecraft to the spacesuit. Some of these improvements benefited the later Apollo 13 and avoided new tragedies. Although the Apollo program was slightly delayed, in November, Apollo IV (to commemorate the three astronauts who died, Apollo 1, 2 and 3 were vacant) was successfully launched, which was the first test of Saturn V rocket. In the following six months, the United States conducted two more experiments and tested all the links needed for landing on the moon in an unmanned state. After half a year’s preparation, from October 1968, the United States began to use manned spacecraft (Apollo VII) for simulation experiments. In just seven months, the United States conducted as many as four experiments, and 12 astronauts went into space. Among them, Apollo 8 manned the lunar orbit for the first time, and three astronauts circled the moon for 10 times. Apollo 10 tested the landing process of the spacecraft to the moon and landed at a height of only 15,000 meters from the surface of the moon, which is only slightly higher than the cruising altitude of commercial aircraft.

        The next task is to land on the moon and let the astronauts set foot on the surface of the moon. For the first trip to the moon, NASA made full preparations. In the early stage, I launched many experiments and tried everything I could think of. The rest is to determine the candidate for the first moon landing mission. After many considerations, Neil A. Armstrong (1930-2012), Edwin E. Aldrin (1930-) and Michael Collins (1930-) were finally determined to perform this historic mission. Of course, to be on the safe side, NASA has also prepared a corresponding backup team. Even after selecting a three-person team, who will set foot on the moon first has become the focus of controversy among several astronauts. In training, Aldrin climbed out of the hatch first, and finally changed to Armstrong, because the design of the hatch was more convenient for him rather than Aldrin going out first. For the inside details of Apollo’s landing on the moon, readers can refer to the book Apollo-Lunar Expedition.

        Soon, a glorious moment in human history came. On July 16, 1969, at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, Armstrong and others boarded the towering Apollo 11 spacecraft and were about to begin the human journey to the moon. The Apollo landing on the moon was televised by the United States to the whole world, and Nixon, then president, watched the live event on TV from the Oval Office of the White House. I think that if every reader can go back to that day, he will definitely sit in front of the TV and watch it. Fortunately, more than 30 years later, in the command room of Kennedy Space Center, I saw the command of Apollo 11 mission and the video of landing on the moon at the simulation site.

        Ok, now please follow me to the command center. At 9: 32 am (Eastern Daylight Time), the rocket launch entered the final countdown. Astronauts and rockets are in good condition. Perhaps out of excitement or nervousness, Armstrong’s heart rate reached 110 beats per minute when the rocket was launched, which had never happened before. On the console, the display screens and lights of various instruments kept flashing, and the timer on the wall began to count down-10, 9, 8…3, 2, 1. At this time, the sound of "emission" sounded in the background. On the big screen, Saturn V ignited successfully, and the orange flame pushed the 110-meter-high behemoth to rise slowly and faster until the rocket disappeared on the screen. On the fourth day, July 19, the rocket entered the lunar orbit; On the fifth day, July 20th, Apollo 11 was ready to land on the moon. The camera switches to the image of Apollo 11 landing on the lunar surface, and there is a camera under the lunar module, which sends the blurred image of the lunar surface back to Earth. I saw the lunar module getting closer and closer to the surface of the moon and finally stopped there. This image can be seen on the website of NASA. After the lunar module landed safely on the surface of the moon, commander Armstrong returned the first words that humans said on the moon: "Houston, this is the Jinghai base. The eagle landed successfully. "

        Next, Armstrong and Aldrin should sleep for five hours according to the pre-set itinerary, because they didn’t sleep much during the flight. But both of them were so excited that no one could sleep. After consulting the headquarters, they set foot on the surface of the moon in advance. On the screen of the control room, Armstrong stepped down from the lunar module and set foot on the moon. His movements were very slow. Because of the long distance and the communication technology is far less developed than today, the images and sounds sent back are intermittent, but Armstrong’s famous words can still be distinguished, "This is one small step for man, but one giant step for mankind." The recording of these seconds can be heard on the Internet.

        

Aldrin is on the surface of the moon.

        More than 600 million viewers around the world watched the first human step on the moon on TV. Armstrong and Aldrin put some experimental instruments on the surface of the moon and collected more than 20 kilograms of lunar rock samples. The two of them stayed on the moon for about two and a half hours, and then went back to the lunar module to sleep. Although Aldrin accidentally broke the ignition switch of the return rocket, it was near miss. They turned on the switch with a pen, and the rocket sent them to the lunar orbit to rendezvous with the control/service module, and then returned to Earth. On July 24th, the command module carrying three astronauts fell into the Pacific Ocean. The whole process from launch to safe landing on the earth’s surface is about eight days and three hours.

        

Armstrong and other three astronauts spent more than ten days in the isolation cabin after returning from the moon. At that time, American President Nixon visited them in the isolation cabin at the first time and congratulated them through the glass window.

        The success of Apollo’s landing on the moon is a victory for all mankind. As many as 400,000 people directly and indirectly participated in the Apollo program (Nixon’s original words). They came from different countries in the world, including many Chinese scientists. How much contribution did von Braun make in the Apollo program? NASA commented on him like this: "There is no doubt that he is the greatest rocket scientist in history. His greatest achievement was that when he was the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center of NASA, he presided over the research and development of Saturn V and successfully achieved the great cause of human landing on the moon for the first time in July 1969. " It can be said that there would be no Saturn V without von Braun. Although humans can finally land on the moon, it will not be within the time limit set by Kennedy-the 1960s.

        On January 12th, 1966, korolev died of a surgical operation at the age of 59. It’s a pity that he didn’t see the successful docking of his designed spacecraft Soyuz and Salute-he had been buried underground for more than four years.

        Vasily Mishin (1917-2001), korolev’s successor, did not have the influence and courage of korolev. Although he completed the development of the N1 rocket under very difficult circumstances, the rocket failed in all directions. Coupled with the constant space accidents, especially the death of astronauts, the Soviet Union’s moon landing plan failed as a whole and was finally abandoned.

        In the end, Americans successfully landed on the moon many times, but the former Soviet Union did not once. The fundamental reason for this is not that korolev’s ability is not good, but that the former Soviet Union lost in its comprehensive national strength.

        Without his opponent, von Braun continues to devote himself to the space industry. After Apollo 11, the United States successfully landed on the moon five times, completing a feat in human history. In 1972, after achieving the expected goal, the United States terminated the Apollo program and developed a reusable space vehicle, the space shuttle. Five years after the last Apollo spacecraft landed on the moon, von Braun also came to the end of his life. In 1977, he died of cancer. Shortly before his death, he won the National Science Award, the highest award in American science and technology, but he was unable to go to the White House to receive the award.

(This article is taken from the second volume of Light of Civilization, written by Wu Jun, People’s Posts and Telecommunications Publishing House, 2014). )

        

通过admin

Notice of the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce on Relevant Issues Concerning the Financial Discount of Foreign Contracted Project Loans in 2004

On November 29th, 2004, Caiqi [2004] No.252.

All provinces, autonomous regions, municipalities directly under the central government, the financial departments (bureaus), the competent commercial departments, the Finance Bureau and the Commerce Bureau of Xinjiang Production and Construction Corps, all foreign business institutions, and all centrally managed enterprises:
  In order to support and encourage enterprises with comparative advantages to "go global" and expand their foreign contracted projects, according to the budget arrangement of the central government’s foreign aid joint venture project fund in 2004, the commercial loans obtained by Chinese enterprises from domestic banks for the implementation of foreign contracted projects will be subsidized. The relevant matters are hereby notified as follows:
  I. Conditions for enterprises and projects applying for discount interest.
  (1) An enterprise applying for discount must meet the following conditions:
  1 registered in accordance with the law, and has an independent legal personality;
  2. Qualification for foreign economic cooperation approved by the state;
  3. There is no malicious default or misappropriation of foreign aid joint venture and cooperation project funds;
  4. Accept the coordination of financial and commercial departments and our foreign economic and commercial institutions.
  (two) to apply for discount projects must meet the following conditions:
  1. Submit the statistical data of the project in accordance with the provisions of the Statistical System of Foreign Economic Cooperation Business;
  2. The project contract is valid from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2004, and the contract amount of a single project is not less than 10 million US dollars (or other equivalent currencies);
  3. The loan contract of the project is valid from January 1, 2004 to December 31, 2004, and the single loan amount is not less than 10 million yuan (or equivalent foreign currency);
  4. The contracted enterprise and the loan enterprise must be the same enterprise;
  5. In line with China’s foreign trade and economic policies.
  Second, the application materials and procedures
  (1) When applying for discount, an enterprise shall provide the following materials:
  1. Discount application report;
  2 "Enterprise Declaration Notes" (Annex 1);
  3. Basic Information of Foreign Contracted Projects and List of Interest Payment of Bank Loans in 2004 (Annex 2);
  4. Copy of the business license of the enterprise as a legal person;
  5. A copy of the commercial part of the project contract (Chinese version or Chinese translation);
  6. Written opinions of overseas economic and commercial institutions on the implementation of the project, including: contract amount, commencement date, image progress, estimated completion date, etc.;
  7. A copy of the bank loan contract;
  8. A copy of the settlement voucher for bank loans, interest payment and loan repayment.
  (2) application procedures:
  1. Local enterprises will submit the above materials to the local provincial finance and commerce authorities before February 28, 2005, and the provincial finance and commerce authorities will conduct a preliminary examination of the projects applying for interest discount according to the provisions of this notice, fill in the Summary of Preliminary Examination of Loan Interest Discount for Foreign Contracted Projects (Annex 4), and jointly report to the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce before March 31, 2005;
  2. Enterprises managed by the central government will submit the Summary of Preliminary Examination of Loan Discount for Foreign Contracted Projects (Annex 4) together with relevant application materials to the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce respectively before March 31, 2005;
  3. The Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce entrust intermediaries to jointly issue discount funds after reviewing the declared projects;
  4. Within 15 days after the two ministries issued the notice of financial discount funds for foreign contracted project loans of relevant enterprises this year, the Ministry of Commerce will directly allocate the discount funds to the enterprises.
  Third, the discount standard
  (a) the annual discount rate is not higher than 2 percentage points;
  (2) The discount period is calculated according to the calendar month of the actual loan period;
  (3) The project enjoys discount interest for a maximum of 3 years;
  (four) interest rate hikes, penalty interest, etc. other than normal loans are not subsidized;
  (five) each foreign contracted project can only enjoy a loan discount;
  (6) The discount amount shall be calculated in RMB.
  Four, foreign business institutions shall issue written opinions for enterprises in accordance with the requirements of item 6 of the first paragraph of Article 2 of this notice (Annex 3).
  Five, in order to do a good job in financial discount in 2004, improve efficiency, please enterprises in accordance with the provisions of this notice, carefully prepare the discount application materials and bind them in order, according to the project directory.
  Six, after receiving the discount interest funds, the enterprise will make a reduction of the financial expenses of the current year. No unit may cheat or intercept discount interest funds in any form or for any reason. In violation of the provisions, the Ministry of Finance and the Ministry of Commerce will fully recover the discount funds and cancel their discount eligibility. At the same time, investigate the responsibility of the relevant personnel.
  Seven, the financial and commercial departments will supervise and inspect the implementation of discount interest funds, to ensure that discount interest funds in place in time, earmarking.
  Attachment: 1. Description of enterprise declaration
     2. Basic information of foreign contracted projects and interest payment list of bank loans in 2004.
     3 in _ _ _ _ _ Economic and Commercial Counsellor’s Office (room) opinion
     4. Summary table of preliminary examination of loan discount for foreign contracted projects



通过admin

Ministry of Transport: Four measures to prevent and control the epidemic situation in Spring Festival travel rush and provide services.

  People’s Daily Online, Beijing, January 30 (Reporter Lu Jing) On January 30, the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council held a press conference. Han Jinghua, Deputy Director of the Transport Services Department of the Ministry of Transport, attended the conference and answered questions from reporters.

  This year, the passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush has increased substantially. How can the Ministry of Transport do a good job in epidemic prevention and control and service? Han Jinghua introduced that there are four specific measures as follows:

  The first is to formulate and implement epidemic prevention guidelines and refine the prevention and control measures of epidemic situation. According to the requirements of "Class B Management" and the characteristics of passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush, the epidemic prevention and control guidelines for comprehensive transportation in Spring Festival travel rush and Covid-19 were formulated, and 14 epidemic prevention measures were defined in four aspects: disinfection and ventilation of stations and means of transport, protection of employees, publicity and guidance, and emergency response. Strengthen dispatch and supervision, guide all localities to strictly implement the requirements of the guidelines, disinfect and ventilate the passenger contact areas, facilities, equipment and means of transportation in the station, strengthen the health monitoring and protection of employees, and stop operations as soon as symptoms appear to ensure the safety of transportation and epidemic prevention.

  The second is to optimize transportation service measures to minimize the risk of infection. Actively provide non-contact services such as online ticket purchase, e-ticket and self-service ticket inspection to reduce unnecessary personnel contact. Strengthen the passenger flow organization of passenger stations, guide the public to queue up in an orderly manner, disperse and wait for passengers, and reduce the concentration of people. Increase the input of transportation capacity during peak hours, operate "point-to-point" chartered cars and increase night buses according to the needs of the masses, strengthen the connection between different modes of transportation, improve the transportation service capacity, and reduce the gathering of people and long waiting. At the same time, some key passenger stations have also prepared necessary epidemic prevention materials such as antipyretics and thermometers to deal with emergencies.

  The third is to organize supervision and inspection and implement the main responsibility of epidemic prevention and control. In order to implement the epidemic prevention measures of transportation, transportation departments at all levels have carried out various forms of comprehensive and special inspections. Before the Spring Festival, the Ministry of Transport, together with relevant departments, went to 13 provinces to carry out supervision and inspection, and urged transport operators to strictly implement epidemic prevention and control measures such as disinfection and ventilation of passenger stations and vehicles, transportation organization and personnel protection, and resolutely guard against the spread of the epidemic through transportation.

  The fourth is to strengthen epidemic prevention propaganda and guide the masses to travel rationally at the wrong peak. Make full use of service guarantee windows such as "cars, boats, airplanes, roads, ports and stations" and media channels such as television, radio and internet, strengthen epidemic prevention propaganda, release travel information in time, guide the public to travel rationally and avoid peaks, remind passengers to avoid taking public transport when they are sick, wear masks regularly throughout the trip, actively reduce gathering, and be the first person responsible for their own health.

  In addition, Han Jinghua stressed that at present, it is at the peak of returning after the holiday, reminding the majority of passengers that in order to be safe and healthy, they should wear masks all the way in the process of entering and leaving the passenger station and taking public transportation, and work together to prevent and control the traffic epidemic.