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The American Democracy Foundation funded 50 China projects to support anti-China forces.

　　A "non-governmental organization" solely funded by Congress.


　　Everyone in the United States emphasizes its status as a "non-governmental organization", but as long as we understand its funding source and organizational structure, we know that the Democratic Foundation is actually a US government department in the cloak of "non-governmental".


　　The practice of promoting "American-style democracy" in a hidden way originated after the end of World War II. In order to prevent communist party’s influence from expanding in Europe, American policymakers began to subsidize pro-Western media and political parties in the form of secretly sending consultants, equipment and funds. By the end of 1960s, some American "private groups" began to receive secret funds from the CIA, which were also used to weaken communist party’s influence. These "private groups" later grew into "American Political Foundation", which is the predecessor of American Democracy Foundation.


　　In November 1983, US President Ronald Reagan ordered the establishment of the American Democracy Foundation, and asked Congress to allocate $65 million for "promoting global democracy" in the fiscal year of 1984-1985. In addition to funding from Congress, the board structure of the American Democracy Foundation makes this "non-governmental organization" even more weird, because its members include two members of Congress, officials of American labor, business and education institutions, foreign policy experts, and representatives of Republicans and Democrats. John Richardson, the first "permanent chairman" of the Democracy Foundation, was a former assistant secretary of state. The current chairman, Carl Jeshman, was a senior adviser to the Permanent Representative of the United States to the United Nations.


　　The Democratic Foundation initially sought funding of $31.3 million a year, but Congress only gave it $18 million. Even so, some opponents of the Democratic Foundation in Congress suggested to the White House that since the Democratic Foundation is "non-governmental", it should not be appropriated by the US Congress, but should absorb donations from the people. However, the US Congress still insists that all the funds of the Democracy Foundation are allocated by the Congress, and it has repeatedly intervened in the projects of the Democracy Foundation, often giving it "specific guidance". For example, the US Congress asked the Democracy Foundation to support solidarity trade unions in Poland and "special interest groups" in Chile, Nicaragua and Eastern Europe. The US Congress also asked the Democracy Foundation to "give special support" to relevant organizations in South Africa, Myanmar, China, (China) Tibet and North Korea. After the "9.11" incident, the Democracy Foundation threw out the third strategic document and began to sponsor a large number of projects in Middle Eastern countries.


　　At the same time, the amount of funds allocated by the US Congress to the Democracy Foundation is actually increasing: from the initial "quota" of $33 million to $40 million in 2004, and then jumped to $60 million in fiscal year 2006. In fiscal year 2008, the annual appropriation of the American Democracy Foundation was $100 million.


　　It is the executor of American strategic intention.


　　The American Democracy Foundation is very good at bringing together various "democracy foundations" in western countries to do their work. For example, in order to promote the democratic process in Myanmar, the American Democracy Foundation has brought together the Westminster Democracy Foundation in Britain, the Conrad Foundation in Germany and the International Center for Human Rights and Democratic Progress in Canada, and contributed to the "Democratic Forces in Myanmar". When dealing with China, North Korea and other Asian countries, the American Democracy Foundation mainly draws on Japanese, Italian and Portuguese "Democracy Foundations".


　　How does the American Democracy Foundation approve a project? An expert familiar with the operation of the Foundation told the Global Times reporter that there are two sets of audit procedures for the American Democracy Foundation: a clear set of procedures is published on the official website, such as quarterly discussion and evaluation by the Board of Directors of the Democracy Foundation, which comprehensively considers the priorities, specific needs, national conditions, democratic effects and related experiences of the project, and then grants money to groups or organizations. Applicants should fill in a series of forms, such as project details, expenditure, budget plan, name and position of the person in charge of the organization, etc. The China expert told the Global Times reporter, "Whether the American Democracy Foundation gives money or not is mainly based on the degree of influence of this project on the national interests of the United States, the destructiveness to relevant countries, and the degree of recognition of American-style democracy by relevant organizations or groups. In the final analysis, the interests of the United States are fundamental. If it is not in line with the national interests of the United States, it is difficult to get a penny from the Democracy Foundation. "


　　Kim A. Holmes, vice president of the Center for Foreign Affairs and National Defense Policy Studies of the United States, and Sherby Kurom, director of the Institute of International Relations of the Heritage Foundation of the United States, disclosed that on August 1, 1996, the Appropriations Committee of the United States Senate tried to cancel the funding of 30 million U.S. dollars to the Democracy Foundation that year, on the grounds that although the Democracy Foundation played an important role in "promoting democracy" in the Soviet Union, China, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, Nicaragua, Vietnam and other countries, the Cold War was after all. However, U.S. lawmakers who support continuing funding for the Democracy Foundation said that despite the disintegration of the Soviet Union, communist party remained in power in China, Cuba, North Korea and Viet Nam, and communist party’s influence in the former Soviet republics remained considerable, so communist party’s global power should not be underestimated. Lawmakers believe that governments under western-style democracy pose less threat to the interests of the United States. Because they pursue profits and are keen on business activities, they are more willing to maintain international stability. Democratic countries rarely go to war with democratic countries, so strengthening the promotion of democracy, such as investing in the American Democracy Foundation, is much less costly than going to war with an "undemocratic country", which is in the best interests of the United States. ▲　　

Editor: xu wen hua

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The 2017 Buick Angkewei officially went on sale for 209,900.

　 　 [XCAR new car listed original]

　　On September 19th, SAIC-GM announced that the 2017 Buick Angkewei was officially launched. In 2017, Angkewei added three models, namely, the 20T front-drive technology model, the 20T front-drive luxury model and the 28T four-wheel drive leading model. The whole lineup was expanded to 10 models, and the price range was 209,900-349,900 yuan.

　

　 　 After reading the main points, this article is half finished:

　 　 1.2017 Angkewei’s appearance/interior is the same as the current model, but the configuration is upgraded.

　 　 2. The new car is upgraded with Onstar car 4G LTE and a new generation of smart interconnection system supporting AppleCarPlay, and a new agate red appearance color scheme is introduced.

　 　 3. The new car comes standard with ABS+EBD+ESC+TCS system and HSA ramp auxiliary system.

　 　 4. Still equipped with 1.5T and 2.0T engines.

SAIC-GM Buick 2016 Angkewei

SAIC-GM Buick 2016 Angkewei

　 　 The appearance/interior of the 2017 Buick Angkewei is consistent with the current model. The new car is upgraded with Onstar’s in-vehicle 4G LTE and a new generation of smart interconnection system supporting AppleCarPlay, and a new agate red appearance color scheme is introduced to bring consumers more choices of models. In addition, the 2017 Angkewei also comes standard with a wealth of configurations: LED daytime running lights and taillights, keyless entry and one-button start, ANC active noise reduction technology, automatic engine start/stop, full LED ceiling lighting, EPB electronic parking, reversing radar, etc.

SAIC-GM Buick 2016 Angkewei

　 　 In terms of safety configuration, the new car comes standard with ten active safety configurations, including ABS+EBD+ESC+TCS system, HSA ramp auxiliary system, SLSC linear stability control system, BAS braking auxiliary system, CBC corner braking control system, EDC engine resistance moment control system and ROM rollover induction system. At the same time, it is equipped with ACC adaptive cruise, LKA lane keeping, FDI distance warning, FCA front collision warning, CMB collision mitigation and RCTA parking warning.

SAIC-GM Buick 2016 Angkewei

　 　 In terms of power, the new car is still equipped with 1.5T and 2.0T engines, with maximum power of 124kW and 191kW respectively and peak torque of 250Nm and 353Nm respectively. The transmission is matched with 7-speed dual clutch and 6-speed automatic manual transmission.

　 　 Editor’s comment:Recently, GM has upgraded its models one after another, and most of them are upgraded in configuration, and the cost performance is further improved, which is expected to continue Angkewei’s outstanding performance in sales.

Related content review:

Or sell 209,900 to expose the new Angkor real car/configuration.

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Test drive and experience China Zunchi 1.8T automatic manual integration (multiple pictures)

　　3.23 I received a phone call in the morning, and the new 1.8T Zunchi test drive car has arrived. I started a test drive at the weekend and invited old users to participate!


　　I didn’t have time to go on Saturday, but I went with my brother-in-law at 9 o’clock on Sunday morning! As soon as I entered the gate of the 4S shop, I saw a row of Junjie, and there was a red bracelet in the silver and blue hall, which was very attractive to female friends! It is estimated that the car came with 1.8T. The owner hasn’t had time to take it away, but only a black 1.8T Zunchi waited alone and looked around him first, which is roughly the same as what I saw on the Internet!



　　When I entered the hall, there was actually a new 1.8T car in it, next to the red Junjie mentioned just now. Because I just went to work, there were few people in the hall, only two salesmen, and I didn’t care to say hello to the two, so I sat in Zunchi directly. At this moment, one of the two came to ask me if I wanted to buy a car. I said I had already bought it, and I came to test drive, plugged in the key and ignited it. I felt that the engine was not loud and the direction was not right. It’s a bit astringent to put the D gear on, and the foot is lifted slightly. The car moves slowly, and the throttle feels better than the old car. The heavy body feels very relaxed. When you go out, turn left and go on a straight road. When the throttle is stepped down slightly, the car jumps out. When you are moving, you feel that the car is very stable, the brakes are still so reassuring, and the car is relatively quiet. The whole test drive process lasts about 10 minutes.


　　Disadvantages:


　　1. I am mainly dissatisfied with the interior, and those round air outlets are the first to bear the brunt.


　　2. The dashboard looks uncomfortable and I don’t like it.


　　3. The storage box of the co-pilot has poor texture.


　　4. The design of the front armrest is so poor that it seems to resist, including the big hole at the bottom of the center console.


　　5. The revision of the door lock was not very successful.


　　Advantages:


　　1. Strong motivation, needless to say.


　　2. The rearview mirror is much bigger and has a wider field of vision.


　　3. The direction, brakes and throttle are all lighter than before.








The appearance of China Zunchi 1.8T

> > Click to view more pictures.<<

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Scientifically grasp the connotation, characteristics and path of high-quality economic development

　　Theoretical connotation of high-quality economic development

　　The report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China pointed out that China’s economy has shifted from a high-speed growth stage to a high-quality development stage. This is a major judgment made by the CPC Central Committee with the Supreme Leader as the core according to the changes in the international and domestic environment, especially the changes in China’s development conditions and stages. The core of high-quality economic development is quality first and benefit first, which has profound theoretical connotation and great practical guiding significance.

　　Looking at the history of world economic development, the understanding of the law of economic development evolution and quality and efficiency is deepening with the development of social productive forces. From the early use of "efficiency" or "efficiency" to express the pursuit of the quality of economic development, to the economic growth theory in western economics that technological progress is the decisive factor to achieve sustainable economic development. With the deepening and development of theoretical research, the research on the quality of economic development has gradually expanded to institutional system, social equity, environmental protection and so on.

　　With regard to the current high-quality economic development in China, the central authorities stressed that high-quality development is a development that can well meet the people’s growing needs for a better life and embodies the new development concept. This thesis clarifies the purpose and means of high-quality development. Described by personal capital, high-quality economic development is an economic development that provides high-quality products and services to the whole society in a sustained and fair way with high efficiency and high efficiency, and it is a high-quality, high-efficiency and high-stability supply system in the specific economic form.

　　First, the quality of the supply system is high. The supply system includes three links: factor input, intermediate input and final output. The quality of the three links of the supply system is closely related. The high quality of the supply system means that the quality of all three links should be high. The high quality of factor input refers to the high quality of labor, capital, technology, energy resources, data, information and other factors put into the supply system, which is manifested in the high quality of labor, the high degree of automation, data and informatization of production materials, the high degree of greening of energy resources, the high technical level put into the production process, and the large scale, quality and value of information and data resources. The high quality of intermediate products means that the intermediate products in the production process, such as the quality and precision of parts, can meet the production needs well, which requires the continuous improvement of industrial division of labor and specialization, the continuous optimization and upgrading of industrial structure, and the formation of an effective collaborative and mutually supportive supply chain system. High quality of final output is an important connotation of high-quality development, that is, what we usually call high quality of products and services means that we can provide high-quality products and services to meet the diversified, personalized and escalating high-grade needs of consumers and better meet the growing needs of people for a better life. High-quality supply system is characterized by high quality and high performance of products and services at the level of specific output forms; At the industrial level, it is manifested as a rational and advanced industrial structure.

　　The second is the high efficiency of the supply system. From a static point of view, the high efficiency of the supply system is manifested in the unity of high technical efficiency and good economic benefits. Technical efficiency determines that under the given resource conditions, production possibility frontier, in the reality of scarce resources, promoting high-quality development inevitably requires the efficient and intensive development of the potential of existing resource elements, maximizing the input-output efficiency of various production factors, and achieving a fairly high level of capital efficiency and human resource efficiency. Economic benefits emphasize the rationality of resource allocation and combination, which represents the degree of allocation efficiency and reasonable distribution. High-quality development requires the rational allocation of resources between different uses, so that the marginal productivity of all kinds of factors can reach the highest, and marginal return of all kinds of factors can reach the highest. From a dynamic point of view, the high efficiency of the supply system is also manifested in the continuous improvement of efficiency, which has become the driving force for sustained and strong economic development, that is, economic growth has shifted from mainly relying on factor input to relying more on the improvement of total factor productivity, and the contribution of total factor productivity in the driving force of economic growth has been continuously improved. In this sense, the transformation process of economic growth momentum is also a process of promoting output efficiency, and power transformation and efficiency improvement are unified.

　　Third, the stability of the supply system is high. High-quality economic development should also be reflected in maintaining a relatively high level of stability in the supply system. From the time dimension, high stability is characterized by stable economic operation in a reasonable range in the short term and strong sustainability of output in the medium and long term. From the spatial dimension, high stability requires not only the health and stability of the economic system itself, but also the coordination of the economic system with society and environment. At the same time, economic development can provide development opportunities for all members of society, and the results will be shared by all people. In terms of resources and environment, rational utilization of natural resources and effective protection of ecological environment can bear long-term sustainable economic growth. In short, high stability of economic development means stable economic operation, controllable major risks, bearable resources and environment, and shared development achievements.

　　It should be emphasized that the high quality, efficiency and stability of the supply system are the core essence of high-quality economic development. Only when these characteristics are simultaneously possessed, and these characteristics are mutually supportive rather than conflicting, can they be called high-quality economic development.

　　High-quality development is a gradual and systematic development process

　　Summarizing the past development experience at home and abroad, high-quality development shows obvious stage characteristics. With the transformation of economic development stage, some aspects related to development quality, such as product and service quality, technical efficiency and economic benefit, economic growth power transformation, environmental quality, income distribution, etc., will change in trend at a certain time. It mainly shows that with the economic development, the quality of production factors such as capital and labor has been continuously improved, the quality of output has been continuously improved, the labor productivity has been continuously improved, and the industrial added value rate has been continuously improved. The driving force of economic development has shifted from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven, and the industrial structure has been continuously upgraded. What needs special attention is that these trend changes do not happen naturally, which are not only the embodiment of objective laws, but also the result of institutional policies.

　　By analyzing the changes of main quality indicators in different development stages, we can find that the transition to high-quality development presents the following typical characteristics: First, it is gradual. High-quality development is a process of constant change and slow evolution, and it is also a process from small accumulation to big change, from quantitative change to qualitative change. In this development process, factors, product and industrial quality, output efficiency, economic growth momentum, as well as the stability of economic growth and the sustainability of development have gradually changed. The improvement of output quality usually starts from the improvement of micro-factor quality, and then the driving force of economic growth shifts from factor-driven to efficiency-driven and innovation-driven. At the same time, the use efficiency of micro-factor and macro-total factor productivity are constantly improved, which lays the foundation for the improvement of output quality. The gradual development of high quality is also the result of the gradual improvement of demand level. The high quality of supply cannot exist in isolation from the fundamental purpose of meeting demand, and it needs to meet the low-level demand first and then change to meet the high-level demand. The second is systematic. High-quality development is an all-round and systematic process of change, and high-quality development in various fields is both a prerequisite and a result. In this development process, systematic changes have taken place at both ends of supply and demand, input and output, micro and macro fields. This includes both the optimization of industrial structure on the supply side and the upgrading and shifting of consumption on the demand side; It includes not only the improvement of labor, capital and other factors at the input end and the quality of intermediate inputs, but also the improvement of product quality and performance at the output end; Including the improvement of the use efficiency of micro-elements,It also includes the improvement of macro total factor productivity; It includes not only the transformation of short-term growth momentum, but also the fairer and more sustainable long-term development. What needs to be seen is that high-quality development is a spiral upward process, which is not only an objective and inevitable law that quantity accumulation will inevitably turn to quality improvement at a certain stage, but also the result of policy efforts to overcome difficulties and take the initiative. The two work together to better promote high-quality economic development.

　　An important path to promote high-quality economic development

　　Promoting quality change, efficiency change and power change of economic development is the key to realize high-quality economic development. Among them, quality change is the main body, efficiency change is the main line, and power change is the foundation. The three depend on each other and are an organic whole. Generally speaking, the core of promoting the three major changes is to improve the quality of factors and increase the total factor productivity, and the fundamental driving force lies in scientific and technological innovation and institutional innovation.

　　First, to improve the quality of the supply system as the main direction to promote quality change.

　　Improving the quality of the supply system is to promote the all-round reform of ideas, objectives, systems and work details in specific fields. It is a systematic project, and the quality reform should be promoted from three aspects: the quality of factor input, the quality of intermediate input and the quality of final output.

　　The first is to improve the quality of factor input. Factor input is the foundation, and its quality directly affects the quality of intermediate input and final output. From the perspective of labor factors, the higher the health status, years of education and skill level, the higher the output quality. From the perspective of capital factors, the output quality of different levels of factories, machinery and equipment will also be significantly different. From the perspective of technical factors, adopting higher-level science and technology and technology will also help to improve the quality of output. It can be said that the quality of factor input largely determines the quality of output and is the starting point for improving the quality of supply system. At the same time, recent studies show that the improvement of factor quality in developed countries has made an increasingly significant contribution to economic development, and the improvement of factor quality also has spillover effect on productivity improvement.

　　The second is to improve the input quality of intermediate products. The refinement and specialization of socialized division of labor constitute the industrial chain form of all walks of life. The quality of products in each chain will affect the quality of final output, and the input of intermediate products in key links can even directly determine whether the final output can be produced and the quality of production. China has been deeply embedded in the global industrial chain, but there are still many bottlenecks in the intermediate products of key links. Therefore, improving the input quality of intermediate products is the key to improve the quality of supply system, which requires building a mid-to high-end industrial structure and forming an effective industrial synergy supporting system.

　　The third is to improve the quality of final output. Starting from better meeting people’s growing needs for a better life, high quality products and services is the core and foothold of high quality supply system. The final product and service quality is related to the quality of residents’ consumption and the international competitiveness of a country’s products. We must speed up the improvement of China’s product and service quality by adjusting the quality standard system and promoting the quality brand action, so as to better promote the quality improvement of the supply system.

　　Second, promote efficiency change with improving total factor productivity as the core.

　　Improving output efficiency is the eternal theme of economics. The key to promoting efficiency change is to improve total factor productivity, so that economic growth depends more on total factor productivity. Total factor productivity is the "residual" contribution excluding the contribution of factor input. To improve the total factor productivity, we must vigorously promote the efficiency reform, constantly improve the technical efficiency and improve the efficiency of factor allocation.

　　The first is to improve technical efficiency. Technical efficiency corresponds to production possibility frontier, and improving technical efficiency means pushing production possibility frontier outward, which means the maximum output increase caused by the same scale of investment. From the essence of economic development, technical efficiency is the most important connotation of total factor productivity, and it should also occupy the most important position in total factor productivity, because it has broken through the original capacity boundary and reached a new and higher level. Promoting technical efficiency and continuously increasing the contribution of total factor productivity to economic growth is an important way to break the constraints of resources and environment and an important driving force to maintain long-term sustainable economic growth.

　　The second is to improve the efficiency of factor allocation. The efficiency of factor allocation affects the distance between actual output and production possibility frontier. If only the technical efficiency is improved and the factor allocation efficiency is low, the actual output will be far away from production possibility frontier, and the potential of technological progress to promote economic development will not be fully released. Under the dual economic structure, promoting the transfer of production factors from low-productivity departments to high-productivity departments and improving the allocation of factors have a significant effect on improving the total factor productivity. In addition, other factors that affect the efficiency of factor allocation include system and management. Good system and high-level management can also provide effective incentives, thus improving the supply and use efficiency of factors and improving the total factor productivity.

　　Third, focus on scientific and technological innovation and system reform to promote dynamic change.

　　From a deeper perspective, the driving force of economic development is to expand the input and output drive of existing resources and factors under the established technical level, which is an extension expansion on the original path. The other is to expand the scope of resources, improve the efficiency of resource elements and create new output drivers through technological and institutional innovation, which is a structural change of the economy. The change of the driving force of economic development, from relying mainly on the former to relying mainly on the latter, is an important manifestation of the economy turning to high-quality development.

　　First, scientific and technological innovation is the key driving force for economic development. Without technological innovation, with the increase of resource scarcity and the law of diminishing factor returns, economic development will come to a standstill. Through technological innovation, we can expand the scope of available resources and break the bottleneck of resources; Improve the use efficiency of resources and elements, and create more output with less input; It provides a technical basis for the configuration and combination of elements in a larger space; Create new diversified and high-quality products and services to better attract and meet the demand; Solve the negative effects of economic development on the environment and enhance the sustainability of economic development. It can be said that all aspects of the connotation of high-quality development are closely related to scientific and technological innovation, so scientific and technological innovation must be the first driving force for high-quality development.

　　Second, institutional innovation is also an important driving force to promote high-quality economic development. Institutional changes affect all dimensions of economic development. Reasonable institutional arrangements can continuously improve the quality and efficiency of economic development in a country or region, improve the total factor productivity and better promote high-quality economic development. For example, reasonable property right system and price system arrangement are helpful to promote the recombination of production factors, improve the efficiency of factor allocation, and are conducive to economic and efficient development; Effective market competition mechanism and intellectual property protection system can accelerate innovation and technological progress and promote economic innovation and development; Scientific management of resources and environment and system of ecological civilization can promote the improvement and sustainability of resources and environment; Wait. At present and in the future, we should make more efforts to deepen the reform of institutional mechanisms, so as to better stimulate the creativity and development vitality of the whole society and promote higher quality, more efficient, fairer and more sustainable economic development.

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No bid, no sales, no raw materials! How do pharmaceutical companies that are ＂holding their throats＂ survive？

No bid, no sales; There is no raw material in the bid. Can pharmaceutical companies with "involuntary fate" survive in the cracks?

Recently, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical Machinery Purchasing Center issued a notice on suspending the online trading of cefmetazole sodium for injection of Suzhou Dongrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. (hereinafter referred to as Dongrui Pharmaceutical).

Description of the announcement: The cefmetazole sodium for injection produced by Suzhou Dongrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. failed to fulfill the obligation of selecting the first batch of drugs in our province, and said that the raw materials of cefmetazole sodium for injection could not be purchased and the normal supply of the drug could not be guaranteed. After research, the online trading of cefmetazole sodium for injection (specifications: 0.5g and 1.0g) produced by Suzhou Dongrui Pharmaceutical Co., Ltd. will be suspended from now on.

According to the description in the announcement, the reason why Dongrui Pharmaceutical fulfilled the obligation of winning the bid was related to the inability to purchase raw materials.

01 or withdraw from the network due to the supply of raw materials.

In November, 2020, Zhejiang Medical Machinery Procurement Center issued the Procurement Document for Centralized Procurement of Some Drugs in Zhejiang Province, announcing that eight drugs, such as Rabeprazole Oral Constant Release Dosage, Ursodeoxycholic Acid Oral Constant Release Dosage and Cefemetazole Injection, will be purchased with quantity, and the procurement cycle will be 12 months. Among them, the agreed purchase quantity of cefmetazole injection (specification 1.0g) is 2,502,800 pieces.

In January this year, Zhejiang Medical Machinery Purchasing Center announced the results of the selection, involving 10 varieties. According to the principle of winning the bid in Zhejiang Province, if there are more than two bidding enterprises, the lowest quotation will be selected, and only one enterprise can be selected. Dongrui Pharmaceutical beat 17 other competitors, such as Harbin Pharmaceutical Group, Fuan Qingyutang, Beite Pharmaceutical, etc. The company’s cefmetazole sodium for injection (powder injection, packaging specification: 1.0g/ bottle) was selected by 8.2 yuan. The successful result will be implemented from March 15th.

However, on April 14th, Zhejiang Pharmaceutical Machinery Purchasing Center released another report on the purchasing results of cefmetazole sodium injection. According to the circular, because Dongrui Pharmaceutical refused to fulfill its bid-winning obligations, it did not complete the work of signing the purchase and sale agreement and establishing the distribution relationship, which affected the normal implementation of the bid-winning results. As for the lack of cefmetazole sodium in centralized drugs due to Dongrui Pharmaceutical’s failure to fulfill the obligation of selection, the processing method of Zhejiang Medical Machinery Purchasing Center is that the purchase of cefmetazole sodium injection with quantity is treated as no selected product, and all medical and health institutions temporarily purchase it according to the original method.

Dongrui Pharmaceutical may also be defended for failing to fulfill its obligations as required and causing losses to medical and health institutions.

For enterprises with dishonesty, Zhejiang Medical Equipment Purchasing Center has also implemented notification measures while reminding medical and health institutions to choose carefully and avoid purchasing products from untrustworthy enterprises.

When pharmaceutical companies participate in centralized procurement declaration, they will be required to provide the Commitment Letter of Drug Declaration Enterprise. Among them, it includes the requirement of credibility: there is no serious illegal record in the two years before the declaration, such as disturbing the order of centralized procurement, maliciously violating the contract and other acts contrary to honesty and credit. The requirement for production capacity is that the annual production capacity of the declared varieties should reach 2 times or more of the agreed purchase quantity. If it is untrue, it is willing to accept the treatment including canceling the qualification for winning the bid and including bad records.

Under normal circumstances, the punishment result of the successful company’s failure to fulfill the obligation of successful selection will be more serious, while the punishment result of Dongrui Pharmaceutical this time is notification, which is relatively light. This result may be related to the inability of Dongrui Pharmaceutical to purchase APIs.

According to the company’s official website, Dongrui Pharmaceutical is mainly engaged in the development, manufacture and sales of cephalosporin antibiotics and system specialized drugs. According to the information of domestic drugs in National Medical Products Administration, there are currently 28 pharmaceutical companies in China with a total of 65 registered production approvals of Cefmetazole Sodium for Injection. Suzhou Dongrui has registered production approval documents of 1.0g and 0.5g cefmetazole sodium for injection.

According to media reports, it was learned from interviews with several regional sales leaders of Suzhou Dongrui that raw materials could not be purchased because the upstream raw material enterprises were unwilling to supply Suzhou Dongrui. "At first, we were told to raise prices substantially, but we accepted it. But then the manufacturer said that it could not be supplied. " Informed employees of the company revealed.

In China, only six pharmaceutical companies, including Harbin Pharmaceutical Group, Fuan Pharmaceutical Group, Chongqing Bosheng Pharmaceutical and Chongqing Gisrui Pharmaceutical, have registered production approval documents for cefmetazole sodium raw materials.

According to Health Network, in February this year, the price of rare varieties of cephalosporin raw materials doubled, and the most concerned small product was cefmetazole sodium raw material. The recent price increase was caused by the price increase of raw materials and the lack of manufacturers. The original price of domestic manufacturers was about 4,000 yuan /kg, and now it is quoted at 8,000 yuan /kg.

The supply cut-off incident of Dongrui Pharmaceutical further highlights the "dilemma" faced by pharmaceutical companies whose raw materials are not in their own hands: if a large number of raw materials are hoarded before the election, but the results are not selected, the pharmaceutical companies will face the risk of unsalable products and broken capital chains at any time; If you don’t hoard a large number of APIs, but the result is selected, you will face the current problem of Dongrui Pharmaceutical, "you can’t buy APIs with money", which will eventually lead to the suspension of drug supply.

02 API monopoly, who is controlling it?

Since the procurement with quantity was carried out at the end of 2018, the supply interruption of selected products has occurred from time to time.

In 2019, the supply of Fosinopril sodium tablets of Bristol-Myers Squibb (BMS) was cut off due to insufficient supply, which became the first cut-off event after centralized procurement, and was finally supplemented by Huahai Pharmaceutical. At the end of last year, two selected products, Penglai Nuokang Pharmaceutical Metformin Tablets and Nanjing Changao Pharmaceutical Pivastatin Calcium Tablets, were unable to be supplied in sufficient quantities in a short period of time, so the transition period was increased by three months.

There are many reasons for drug supply interruption, and the shortage and price increase of raw materials are very important factors. In recent years, many API companies have also been issued "sky-high fines" for alleged monopoly.

At the beginning of this month, Tianyao Co., Ltd. was punished by Tianjin Municipal Market Supervision and Management Committee for allegedly reaching a monopoly agreement on fluoxetine bulk drug, with a fine of 44.02 million yuan.

In April, 2020, the State Administration of Market Supervision made an administrative penalty decision on the illegal acts of abusing the dominant market position of three calcium gluconate raw material drug distribution enterprises, namely Shandong Kanghui Medicine, Weifang Taiyangshen Medicine and Weifang Puyunhui Medicine, and confiscated a total of 325.5 million yuan. This is also the biggest fine for the monopoly of APIs since the implementation of the Anti-Monopoly Law.

In November 2020, Wanbangde Pharmaceutical was fined 2.474 million yuan for abusing its dominant market position and attaching unreasonable trading conditions to the production and sale of bromhexine hydrochloride.

According to the Annual Report on Anti-monopoly Law Enforcement in China (2019) issued by the State Administration of Market Supervision at the end of 2020, there were 6 monopoly cases in the API industry in 2019. According to incomplete statistics, since 2016, a total of 15 companies, including Tianyao Co., Ltd., have been subject to administrative penalties for monopolistic behavior of APIs.

Why monopoly events frequently occur in the field of APIs?

There may be "passive" and "active" reasons for this.

"More registered pieces, less actual production". China holds 8482 valid API approval documents, and there are 1699 pharmaceutical companies with API production license qualifications. However, there are few companies that can actually produce and actually produce.

According to the information released by the Price Supervision, Inspection and Anti-monopoly Bureau of the National Development and Reform Commission, there are about 1,500 kinds of APIs in China, but their production is in the hands of a few manufacturers, of which only one enterprise can produce 50 kinds of APIs, only two enterprises can produce 44 kinds of APIs and only three enterprises can produce 40 kinds of APIs. Some people in the industry have also analyzed that many enterprises are unwilling to produce low-priced drugs because of their low prices and low profits, which is more likely to lead to monopoly.

"Environmental protection costs are under great pressure". On January 1, 2018, the "Environmental Protection Tax Law" was officially implemented, and the collection of sewage charges was changed to the collection of environmental protection fees, which greatly increased the cost for API manufacturers that needed a large amount of sewage discharge. Raw material medicine enterprises urgently need to be upgraded, and in the process of upgrading, some enterprises closed down because they could not bear the cost of upgrading.

Only a few companies have the qualification for examination and approval and the production capacity. In addition, with the increase of costs, the number of API enterprises has further decreased, and the output has also been affected.

According to the data of the National Bureau of Statistics, since 2018, the output of APIs in China has experienced a cliff-like decline, from 3.478 million tons in 2017 to 2.823 million tons in 2018, and then to 2.621 million tons in 2019. In the case of "scarcity is precious", the price of raw materials has also soared. In 2018, the price of roxithromycin rose from 590 yuan/kg in May to 735 yuan/kg in October. The price of chlorpheniramine, commonly used in cold medicine, rose from 400 yuan /kg to 23,300 yuan /kg in just one month, up 58 times.

In view of the "passive" monopoly of API enterprises, Wu Huifang, the general manager and chief researcher of Health Network, has conducted an analysis before. "There are mainly two aspects: on the one hand, the output is not large, although there are some approval numbers for APIs, there are few manufacturers that can actually produce them normally, and the size of preparation manufacturers is uneven. In this case, the price increase of APIs is also a last resort; On the other hand, the monopoly of many APIs is not caused by the active behavior of API companies, but by the competitive means of preparation distributors, especially for preparation bidding, that is, the underwriting party forces competitors to make concessions in preparation bidding by controlling the supply of APIs. "

In addition to the "passive" factors, there are also many enterprises in the market who choose to "do it intentionally". According to insiders, some of the monopoly phenomena of APIs are due to human manipulation. One mode is to indirectly control several natural persons to acquire the approval documents, so that all the market of the API is assigned to its own "circle", and finally only one of them is allowed to produce, and the rest of the approval documents are idle, resulting in monopoly of the market, and then the price is raised. Another mode is to sign a "National General Underwriting Agreement" between a third-party commercial company and an API enterprise, so that all APIs can be brought together. If you want to buy APIs, you can only buy them through the channels provided by the company, but API enterprises can’t participate in the pricing, resulting in monopoly.

These models make it more difficult for the regulatory authorities to investigate and deal with monopoly events.

In addition, according to Article 47 of the Anti-Monopoly Law, "if an operator violates the provisions of this law and abuses the dominant position in the market, the anti-monopoly law enforcement agency shall order him to stop the illegal act, confiscate the illegal income and impose a fine of more than 1% and less than 10% of the sales in the previous year."

In the monopoly case of Tianyao shares, Tianyao shares were fined 4% of sales in 2019 and confiscated illegal income. The proportion of 4% is not high in recent years because of the monopoly of APIs. Previously, Kanghui Company, Puyunhui Company and Taiyangshen Company were fined 10%, 9% and 7% of the annual sales in 2018 respectively for the monopoly of calcium gluconate for API injection.

However, in terms of the amount, the 4% sales of Tianyao Co., Ltd. in 2019 corresponds to about 35.1247 million yuan, while the 9% sales of Puyunhui Company in 2018 are 48.3 million yuan, and the 7% sales of Helios Company in 2018 are 12.4 million yuan. After receiving the ticket, Tianyao Co., Ltd. lowered its estimated net profit in 2020 from the original "55 million yuan-75 million yuan" to "31 million yuan-37 million yuan", which is equivalent to a fine of nearly half of the net profit for one year.

Compared with the sales of 10% in the previous year, the price difference and huge profits brought by monopoly for several consecutive years will still make some companies choose to take risks, which is one of the reasons why the monopoly of APIs has been repeatedly banned.

How to deal with the downstream pharmaceutical enterprises

The monopoly of APIs is undoubtedly "strangled" for some downstream pharmaceutical companies. The price of raw materials is rising, and the price of centralized drugs is low. The profit margin of pharmaceutical enterprises is constantly being compressed and even the phenomenon of "price upside down" appears. Without profit margin, many pharmaceutical companies can’t give up drug production, which leads to the shortage and interruption of supply of commonly used drugs, which is extremely unfavorable to society and ordinary people.

Faced with the monopoly of APIs, the national regulatory authorities have been "striking hard" and cracking down on monopoly. And how should pharmaceutical companies in the downstream "save themselves"?

Wu Huifang said that in the market competition, the powerful preparation manufacturers left behind have sufficient purchasing power, and they are planned and do not owe debts; In addition, we can follow the procurement mode of pharmaceutical preparations, and pharmaceutical enterprises can jointly bid for the procurement of raw materials.

It is also reported that Dongrui Pharmaceutical, which withdrew from the network due to the interruption of the supply of raw materials, will build its own raw material drug production line in the future and "take its fate in its own hands".

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Ministry of Transport： Four measures to prevent and control the epidemic situation in Spring Festival travel rush and provide services.

　　People’s Daily Online, Beijing, January 30 (Reporter Lu Jing) On January 30, the joint prevention and control mechanism of the State Council held a press conference. Han Jinghua, Deputy Director of the Transport Services Department of the Ministry of Transport, attended the conference and answered questions from reporters.

　　This year, the passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush has increased substantially. How can the Ministry of Transport do a good job in epidemic prevention and control and service? Han Jinghua introduced that there are four specific measures as follows:

　　The first is to formulate and implement epidemic prevention guidelines and refine the prevention and control measures of epidemic situation. According to the requirements of "Class B Management" and the characteristics of passenger flow in Spring Festival travel rush, the epidemic prevention and control guidelines for comprehensive transportation in Spring Festival travel rush and Covid-19 were formulated, and 14 epidemic prevention measures were defined in four aspects: disinfection and ventilation of stations and means of transport, protection of employees, publicity and guidance, and emergency response. Strengthen dispatch and supervision, guide all localities to strictly implement the requirements of the guidelines, disinfect and ventilate the passenger contact areas, facilities, equipment and means of transportation in the station, strengthen the health monitoring and protection of employees, and stop operations as soon as symptoms appear to ensure the safety of transportation and epidemic prevention.

　　The second is to optimize transportation service measures to minimize the risk of infection. Actively provide non-contact services such as online ticket purchase, e-ticket and self-service ticket inspection to reduce unnecessary personnel contact. Strengthen the passenger flow organization of passenger stations, guide the public to queue up in an orderly manner, disperse and wait for passengers, and reduce the concentration of people. Increase the input of transportation capacity during peak hours, operate "point-to-point" chartered cars and increase night buses according to the needs of the masses, strengthen the connection between different modes of transportation, improve the transportation service capacity, and reduce the gathering of people and long waiting. At the same time, some key passenger stations have also prepared necessary epidemic prevention materials such as antipyretics and thermometers to deal with emergencies.

　　The third is to organize supervision and inspection and implement the main responsibility of epidemic prevention and control. In order to implement the epidemic prevention measures of transportation, transportation departments at all levels have carried out various forms of comprehensive and special inspections. Before the Spring Festival, the Ministry of Transport, together with relevant departments, went to 13 provinces to carry out supervision and inspection, and urged transport operators to strictly implement epidemic prevention and control measures such as disinfection and ventilation of passenger stations and vehicles, transportation organization and personnel protection, and resolutely guard against the spread of the epidemic through transportation.

　　The fourth is to strengthen epidemic prevention propaganda and guide the masses to travel rationally at the wrong peak. Make full use of service guarantee windows such as "cars, boats, airplanes, roads, ports and stations" and media channels such as television, radio and internet, strengthen epidemic prevention propaganda, release travel information in time, guide the public to travel rationally and avoid peaks, remind passengers to avoid taking public transport when they are sick, wear masks regularly throughout the trip, actively reduce gathering, and be the first person responsible for their own health.

　　In addition, Han Jinghua stressed that at present, it is at the peak of returning after the holiday, reminding the majority of passengers that in order to be safe and healthy, they should wear masks all the way in the process of entering and leaving the passenger station and taking public transportation, and work together to prevent and control the traffic epidemic.

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In the second half of the year, China’s foreign trade growth has a good foundation and confidence to achieve positive growth.

CCTV News:At the policy briefing on September 27th, in view of the fact that the growth rate of China’s foreign trade declined in August and some enterprises reported that foreign trade orders were also declining, Wang Shouwen, the international trade negotiator and vice minister of the Ministry of Commerce, said that the current foreign trade development is indeed facing some new uncertainties, but foreign trade is still confident to achieve positive growth in the second half of the year.

Wang Shouwen, International Trade Negotiator and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Commerce:Some time ago, many foreign importers bought a lot of goods, forming a high level of inventory. Now it is necessary to digest the inventory, which will restrict the release of new orders, and the demand for "home economy" caused by the epidemic is also declining.

In order to promote the steady growth of foreign trade, this year, China has introduced a series of policies and measures to stabilize the economy and foreign trade. At the same time, China’s foreign trade has a good foundation. For example, 1&mdash; In August, China’s mechanical and electrical products accounted for 56.5% of foreign trade exports, and the competitiveness of high value-added and high-tech products was constantly emerging. 1&mdash; In August, China’s automobile exports increased by 57.6%, and solar cell exports increased by 92.6%. In addition, the free trade agreements signed by China and other trading partners are also playing a role. In August, China’s exports to other RCEP member countries increased by 23%, which was 11.2 percentage points higher than the overall foreign trade export growth rate in August.

Wang Shouwen, International Trade Negotiator and Vice Minister of the Ministry of Commerce:Generally speaking, despite the background of slowing or even weakening external demand, we are confident that foreign trade will achieve positive growth in the second half of the year and contribute to the recovery of the national economy through the growth of foreign trade.

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Foreign trade ＂new three＂ continues to be hot, industrial upgrading tamps down the cornerstone of development

　　Since the beginning of this year, with the combination of macro-control policies, the main economic indicators have stabilized and rebounded obviously. During this period, relying on the strong industrial chain supply chain production advantages and super-large-scale market advantages, some emerging fields have made eye-catching development performance. From now on, People’s Daily launched a series of reports on "Where did the economic highlights come from?".

Domestic new energy vehicles are loaded and exported at Nansha automobile port. Photo courtesy of Guangzhou Port Group

　　Domestic new energy vehicles are loaded and exported at Nansha automobile port. Photo courtesy of Guangzhou Port Group

　　In November, in Nansha Seaport, Guangzhou, with dense routes, brand-new domestic new energy vehicles were driven to the loading and unloading area at the front of the terminal in an orderly manner and sent to overseas markets such as Southeast Asia by foreign trade ro-ro ships. After packing in Dongguan, batches of lithium battery packs set off on the whistle of the China-Europe train and rushed to the "Belt and Road" country &hellip; &hellip;

　　Since the beginning of this year, the export of "new three" products such as electric manned vehicles, lithium-ion batteries and solar cells has maintained a rapid growth momentum. In the first three quarters, the total export of "new three samples" increased by 41.7% year-on-year, accounting for 1.3 percentage points of China’s export. At the 134th Canton Fair held not long ago, the scale of new energy exhibition area increased by 172% compared with the previous one, which further helped the export of "new three products" and promoted the development of emerging advantageous industries.

　　Foreign trade is an important window to observe a country’s economy. From "Made in China" to "Made in China", and from "old three kinds" to "new three kinds", the upgrading trend of China’s foreign trade export products is becoming more and more obvious, which is not only the embodiment of the continuous optimization of foreign trade structure, but also the true portrayal of new kinetic energy promoting high-quality economic development.

　　Why have the "new three kinds" of foreign trade become hot in recent two years? Experts said that this is not an accident, but the harvest of China’s comprehensive layout and deep cultivation in related industries for many years.

　　Xu Haidong, deputy chief engineer of China Automobile Industry Association, pointed out that in recent years, China has led the green and low-carbon transformation, applied the latest iterative technology and continuously improved its research and development capabilities. The "new three samples" export has produced excellent report cards, which fully reflects the technological innovation advantages brought by China’s increasingly complete industrial chain.

　　A complete industrial chain supply chain system is a solid cornerstone of industrial development.

　　In the Yangtze River Delta region of China, through the coordinated development of industrial clusters, a new energy automobile factory can solve the supply of necessary supporting parts within four hours’ drive, forming a "four-hour industrial circle" that embodies the characteristics of modern industrial system. At present, China’s green and low-carbon transportation system has been accelerated, and more than half of the world’s new energy vehicles are driving in China, ranking first in the world in production and sales for eight consecutive years. The continuous and complete industrial chain has provided a solid and powerful support for the new energy automobile industry to maintain its leading development momentum.

　　In the view of Liu Wenqiang, Party Secretary and Vice President of China Electronic Information Industry Development Research Institute, the main supporting factor behind the high growth of "new three kinds" exports is the industrial competitiveness precipitated by China’s manufacturing industry for many years. "China’s manufacturing system is constantly improving, technological innovation is constantly improving, manufacturing capacity is outstanding, and the industrial chain is complete and resilient, which all have certain leading advantages in the world." Liu Wenqiang said.

　　Taking the photovoltaic industry as an example, in recent years, China’s photovoltaic industry has formed the most complete industrial supporting environment and supply chain system in the world, from upstream silicon material technology research and development, midstream component manufacturing and downstream power station development, with a total industrial output value exceeding 1.2 trillion yuan.

　　In the first three quarters of this year, the photovoltaic industry continued to achieve rapid development. From the manufacturing side, the output of polysilicon, silicon wafers, battery chips, components and other major manufacturing links increased by over 70% year-on-year; From the perspective of import and export, the export volume of silicon wafers, batteries and components increased by 88.3%, 74.3% and 33% respectively.

　　The leading momentum is hard-won. Experts pointed out that we still have to make a lot of "hard work" to maintain the vitality and advantages of the new kinetic energy of the industry for a long time.

　　On September 5, the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology put forward various measures to promote China’s industrial enterprises to adhere to innovation and promote system upgrading at the "press conference on the theme of steady industrial growth" &mdash; &mdash;

　　Strengthen quality brand building, promote supply-side innovation, and create demand with high-quality supply; Strengthen the overall planning of the "14 th Five-Year Plan" in the field of industry and information technology, and promote industrial investment funds to increase investment in manufacturing; Continue to do a good job in China’s industrial transfer and development docking activities, and promote qualified projects to be put into production as soon as possible to achieve results; Guide enterprises to expand the international market according to local conditions, and further tap the export potential while consolidating the export of key industrial products.

　　"I believe that with the continuous implementation of the above-mentioned series of effective measures, &lsquo; Three new samples &rsquo; The new kinetic energy of the industry that leads will surely explode with greater development vitality. " Xu Haidong believes that the export growth of the "new three products" is expected to continue in the future: from the outside, the global attention to new energy and green low-carbon development is gradually increasing, and the international market demand for "new three products" is still very strong; Domestically, supported by the advantages of industrial chain and policy environment, the supply of "new three kinds" products still has great advantages on a global scale.

　　Liu Wenqiang said that enterprises should persist in innovation and continuously improve their technical content and product quality, so as to actively adapt to the external environment, cope with risk challenges and further release new industrial kinetic energy. On the one hand, it is necessary to strengthen the layout of basic forward-looking technologies and explore new innovation models. Encourage the "chain owner" enterprises in the industrial chain to take the lead, unite upstream and downstream partners, universities and research institutions to build an innovation platform, and focus on tackling common key technical problems; On the other hand, it is necessary to optimize the allocation of resource elements, guide the coordinated development of industrial clusters, coordinate the differentiated and characteristic layout as a whole, and promote the upgrading and efficiency of industries.

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Take measures to expand the soybean planting area to 140 million mu and increase the production capacity steadily.

　　CCTV News:Soybean is the main source of edible vegetable oil and protein feed, and it is also an agricultural product with high dependence on foreign countries in China. This year, the state has taken various measures to expand the soybean planting area nationwide to more than 140 million mu.

　　This year, the northeast of China has guided farmers to grow more soybeans by carrying out grain-soybean rotation. This year, Heilongjiang Province will co-ordinate 1 billion yuan of agriculture-related funds to support the expansion of more than 10 million mu of soybeans, with the largest area. Jilin Province mobilized farmers’ enthusiasm by means of preferential policies and increasing investment in science and technology. This year, the area of soybean planting was 854,000 mu, up 22% year-on-year.

　　In addition, this year, the country promoted soybean and corn strip compound planting in suitable areas such as northwest, Huang-Huai-Hai, southwest and Yangtze River basin. In order to arouse farmers’ enthusiasm, on the basis of the central government subsidizing 150 yuan per mu, the provincial finance will subsidize 170 yuan per mu to make up for the increased costs of sowing, fertilizing, spraying and harvesting. Shaanxi province has sown 1.877 million mu of soybeans and interplanted 680,000 mu of soybeans and corn. Yan ‘an and Yulin have integrated improved varieties, agricultural machinery and processing to increase production, and created 40 soybean-corn strip compound planting demonstration zones.

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Strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Proposal on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (hereinafter referred to as the "Proposal") adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee puts forward that "improving the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture". China is a big agricultural country, and China’s agriculture is a big country agriculture. During the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, only by accelerating the development of modern agriculture and striving to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries can we provide a solid foundation and strong guarantee for the transformation and upgrading of economic development and the building of a well-off society in an all-round way. Accelerating the development of modern agriculture and striving to improve agricultural competitiveness are also the needs to cope with the profound changes in the domestic and international environment for agricultural development. Domestically, economic development has entered a new normal, showing three characteristics: speed change, structural optimization and power conversion, which requires the simultaneous development of new industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. In the simultaneous development of the four modernizations, agriculture is still a short board, and it is urgent to speed up the transformation of agricultural development mode and the adjustment of agricultural structure. From an international perspective, developed countries and regions are paying more and more attention to improving agricultural competitiveness, gradually eliminating direct subsidies to agriculture by adjusting laws and policies, and instead increasing support for agricultural business entities in the market field, so as to improve their competitiveness and promote the process of agricultural marketization. Facing the changes in the development environment at home and abroad, and implementing the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, we should fill in the shortcomings of agriculture as soon as possible and strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries.

Change the concept of agricultural development and pay more attention to the transformation of mode and structure.

The "Proposal" pointed out that to achieve the development goals during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, solve development problems and cultivate development advantages, we must firmly establish the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. The concept of development is the forerunner of development action. To develop modern agriculture and improve agricultural competitiveness under the new economic normal, we must firmly establish and implement the new development concept, and pay more attention to changing modes and adjusting structure.

The reason why we should pay more attention to changing the mode and adjusting the structure is because although agriculture is a traditional industry, its versatility is becoming increasingly obvious with the development of agriculture and economy and society. Modern agriculture should not only give play to traditional production functions and ensure food supply, but also give play to ecological and environmental protection, sightseeing and leisure, cultural inheritance and other functions to promote sustainable development. Only by establishing a new development concept and paying more attention to changing the mode and adjusting the structure can we accelerate the formation of a modern agricultural industrial chain pattern from field to table, form a modern agricultural industrial system with the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, better lead the transformation of agricultural development mode and promote the improvement of agricultural development quality and efficiency. Therefore, we should speed up the transformation of extensive management methods that rely on resource consumption, strengthen the drive of agricultural scientific and technological innovation, and take the road of agricultural modernization with high output efficiency, product safety, resource conservation and environmental friendliness. On the basis of stabilizing grain production, we should scientifically determine the self-sufficiency level of major agricultural products, rationally arrange the development priorities of agricultural industries, give full play to the comparative advantages of various regions, industries and business models, promote the integration and interaction of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and realize the transformation of agricultural production from production-oriented to consumption-oriented

Improve the innovation and extension system of modern agricultural science and technology and vigorously apply advanced science and technology.

The "Proposal" proposes to improve the modern agricultural science and technology innovation promotion system. At present, advanced science and technology plays an increasingly important supporting role in improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and overall competitiveness. In 2014, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in China has reached 56%. In the past, we put more emphasis on agricultural science and technology, such as improved varieties and good methods. Today, we propose to improve the innovation and extension system of modern agricultural science and technology and vigorously apply advanced technology, and its breadth and depth far exceed the cognitive scope of the past.

As far as biotechnology is concerned, it includes not only the traditional optimization of agricultural and livestock varieties, but also the modern biotechnology represented by transgenic technology. We should intensify technological research and development and industrialization, achieve the target requirements of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety, and effectively guarantee national food security and food safety. As far as equipment technology is concerned, it used to be more understood as a production tool to replace labor, but today it has become the basic production factor for developing modern agriculture, and the improvement of equipment technology level can greatly improve production efficiency and output benefit. Among them, special attention should be paid to the application of modern information technology. Modern information technologies such as agricultural Internet of Things, e-commerce, big data, cloud computing and global positioning system are playing an increasingly important leading and supporting role in agricultural production, processing and circulation. Especially the booming e-commerce will have a revolutionary impact on the circulation of agricultural products. Accordingly, to improve the modern agricultural science and technology innovation extension system, we need to think and plan from the strategic height that science and technology are the primary productive forces and important production factors, accelerate the establishment of modern agricultural science and technology innovation system, scientific and technological achievements transformation system, extension and application system, and accelerate the agricultural mechanization and informatization.

Constructing modern agricultural industrial system and optimizing the combination of resource elements

The "Proposal" pointed out that efforts should be made to build a modern agricultural industrial system. The main difference between modern agricultural industrial system and traditional agricultural industrial system is that the former focuses on forming a new factor combination mode through intensive investment and in-depth development of modern production factors such as financial capital, science and technology, organization and management, and promoting the steady improvement of total factor productivity and comprehensive quality of agricultural industry.

The role of modern agricultural industrial system in promoting agricultural competitiveness is mainly manifested in four aspects: specialization, scale, intensification and integration. First of all, specialized division of labor to improve labor productivity. According to the market demand and their own endowment, agricultural business entities focus on a certain field, variety or link that they are best at and most suitable for, and carry out specialized production and business activities, which can effectively improve labor production efficiency and business benefits. Secondly, large-scale production improves the land output rate. On the one hand, the moderate scale operation of land is convenient for arranging and utilizing land in pieces and improving the scale efficiency of agricultural production. On the other hand, connecting scattered land management entities through socialized services can transcend the boundaries between plots and families, promote the centralized investment of modern production factors such as capital, science and technology, management and equipment, and greatly form the spillover effect of scale management. Third, intensive management improves the efficiency of resource combination through the scientific, accurate, reduced and efficient utilization of various resource elements. Fourth, integrated development improves agricultural total factor productivity. In the development of modern agriculture, the absence of any factor of production will form a "short board effect". Only by building a modern agricultural industrial system, vigorously optimizing the combination of various production factors, and striving to realize the integrated development of production, processing, logistics and marketing, can agricultural competitiveness be effectively improved.

Change the mode of agricultural management and cultivate new agricultural management subjects

Agricultural management mode mainly includes two aspects: agricultural production mode and service mode, which is an important symbol of agricultural competitiveness of big countries. From the perspective of agricultural production mode, many new management modes, such as farm management, cooperative management and enterprise management, which are based on household contract management, have greatly promoted the commercialization, scale, intensification, specialization and organization of agricultural production. All kinds of new business entities have different functional orientation and comparative advantages, and have broad adaptability and development space. The interests of the main members of farm management are highly consistent, and the cost of labor supervision is low, which occupies a leading position in the production of breeding industry; Cooperative business entities organize scattered farmers, improve market bargaining position, reduce production and transaction costs, and have economies of scale in the integration and development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, which is conducive to increasing farmers’ income; Enterprise management subjects have advanced technology and equipment, strong financing and anti-risk ability, and have obvious advantages in deep processing of agricultural products, logistics and distribution, carrying out innovative agricultural production and management activities, and improving agricultural added value.

From the perspective of agricultural service mode, various public welfare and business service organizations have flourished, and the professional, serialized and multi-level service models have been continuously innovated, initially forming an agricultural socialized service system led by government public service agencies and widely participated by multiple service subjects. In particular, some business service organizations provide services for farmers in the aspects of seed and fertilizer supply, agricultural machinery operation, production management, product sales, etc. by means of full trusteeship and semi-trusteeship, which neither changes the farmers’ contract relationship, but also ensures that the land is planted with people and the land can be planted well, showing great vitality in practice. It can be said that the agricultural management mode of "diversified business entities+whole-process socialized service" is an important path choice for China’s agricultural modernization and an important institutional innovation to adapt to China’s national conditions with a large population and a small population.

Cultivate new professional farmers and improve the quality of agricultural practitioners

The "Proposal" proposes to cultivate new professional farmers. This is an urgent need and an important support to solve the practical problem of "who will plant the land" and "how to plant the land well", improve the quality of agricultural practitioners and enhance the competitiveness of agriculture. The problem of "who will plant the land" is rooted in the weak competitiveness and low comparative income of agriculture, which is not unrelated to the non-professionalism of farmers. From the current practice and development trend, traditional farmers have lived in rural areas for generations, specializing in agricultural production, and are the basic groups that produce new professional farmers; After market experience, returning migrant workers have certain capital, technology and marketing capabilities, and are the core strength of new professional farmers; Rural junior and senior high school graduates have received systematic basic education and have strong ability to absorb and apply new knowledge and technology, which is the basic reserve of new professional farmers; The new farmers who master modern agricultural technology, have the concept of ecological agriculture and Internet thinking are the emerging groups of new professional farmers. Through targeted and classified vocational education and training, they can master their professional skills and improve their professional quality, become professional rural practical talents and management talents, and become new agricultural production subjects and service subjects to meet the requirements of modern agricultural development.

Grasp the national conditions in depth and give play to the comparative advantages of agriculture.

Compared with the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries with abundant agricultural resources, China’s total agricultural resources are insufficient and per capita resources are scarce. However, from the perspective of comparative advantage, there are many types of agricultural resources in China and other relative advantages, which have the conditions to improve agricultural competitiveness by giving full play to comparative advantages.

Generally speaking, China’s agricultural comparative advantages are mainly manifested in three aspects: First, comparative resource advantages. China has a vast territory, rich landforms, diverse climate, various types of agricultural resources and obvious characteristics of species diversity. For example, China’s higher plant species account for 10% of the world’s total, and mammal species account for 13%, both of which rank among the top in the world. We should make full use of this unique advantage of agricultural comparative resources. The second is comparative industrial advantages. The variety of agricultural resources in China determines the diversity of agricultural industrial structure in various places. All localities should base themselves on comparative advantages, develop different industries selectively and emphatically, and promote the formation of a modern agricultural industrial pattern with appropriate division of labor, reasonable layout and balanced total output throughout the country. The third is comparative competitive advantage. Compared with the United States, Canada and other countries, China is relatively competitive in non-resource products such as gardening and animal husbandry. Compared with Japan and South Korea, China is absolutely competitive in grain production. Giving full play to the comparative advantage of agriculture is to transform resource advantage into industrial advantage and industrial advantage into competitive advantage as soon as possible, and strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries. (Zhang Hongyu)

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