标签归档 武汉夜生活

　 　 　 　 While carrying out manned space flight, korolev began its efforts to fly out of the earth. Of course, the moon closest to the earth is the first landing target for human beings to go into space. In order to land on the moon, at least three people need to take the same spaceship, so the size and weight of the spaceship are much larger than that of the Dongfang, which carried an astronaut before. In addition, the distance to land on the moon is much farther than that of orbiting the earth, so the thrust of the rocket must be much larger than that of the previous R-7. Korolev began to improve the R-7 in 1958. However, due to the political turmoil in the former Soviet Union, he was short of funds, and his work encountered many troubles. In 1959, Luna, the first spacecraft of the former Soviet Union to explore the moon, was supposed to touch the moon, but in the end it was 6,000 kilometers off the scheduled orbit. Fortunately, Lunar Exploration II was a success, becoming the first human aircraft to reach the moon, and korolev won the first place in the world for the former Soviet Union. The third ship went one step further. It sent back photos of the back of the moon.

Sergei korolev, the father of space flight in the former Soviet Union

　　　　　　　　According to korolev’s plan, it is a matter of time before the Soviet Union landed on the moon, and it should be before the Americans. In order to meet the needs of landing on the moon, korolev put forward a new design scheme and long-term planning for a large rocket, which is the famous N1 launch vehicle of the former Soviet Union. N1 also has two little brothers N2 and N3, whose size and thrust are gradually reduced, and the latter is used to carry intercontinental missiles. However, just after the design scheme of N1 was released, before it was implemented, the former Soviet Union was caught in a debate about whether to give priority to the development of intercontinental missiles or manned rockets. In December, 1959, after intense discussions among officials in charge and experts at all levels, the idea of giving priority to missile development prevailed. In this case, there is no need to build a super-large rocket like N1. Although korolev has also obtained some funds to continue to develop rockets for landing on the moon, the former Soviet Union’s moon landing plan has temporarily stalled.

　　　　　　　　At the same time, the White House ushered in a new owner, and the United States also entered their new era. The balance of the space race began to tilt in favor of the United States.

　　　　　　　　On January 20, 1961, snow covered Washington, the capital of the United States. The youngest president in American history, only 43-year-old John F. Kennedy, was sworn in in front of the White House. A few months ago, he defeated Nixon, the then vice president, in the general election, and the two men always could not avoid a controversial topic-how to defeat the Soviet Union in the Cold War. American efforts began with President Eisenhower, and Nixon, then vice president, did a lot of work. However, the youthful Kennedy was much more ambitious than his predecessor. In Kennedy’s famous inaugural speech, he put exploring the mysteries of interstellar space as the first priority in his scientific work, before conquering deserts and treating diseases. And he called on the United States and the Soviet Union to join hands in these fields. Only four months later, Kennedy put forward an ambitious space program-landing on the moon within ten years. This program was named after the sun god, which is the famous Apollo Program.

　　　　　　　　

Von Braun is with President Kennedy.

　　　　　　　　The Apollo program is the largest plan for human beings to explore space and unknown areas, and the whole country in the United States has mobilized. Hundreds of universities, research institutions and companies, more than 20,000 scientists and 400,000 people directly and indirectly participated in this space program. The key to the Apollo program is the development of the rocket to the moon, and the popular candidate is von Braun. Therefore, when the project was about to begin, von Braun and his team transferred from the Army to NASA. Von Braun served as the director of Marshall Space Center, responsible for the development of rockets to the moon, the project code-named Saturn. Von Braun’s new job began in 1961, and he was fighting against his unknown opponent in the Soviet Union.

Von Braun, praised by NASA as the first person in the history of world space.

　　　　　　　　Compared with korolev, von Braun is much luckier. The United States is more secure in financial resources and manpower than the former Soviet Union, so Americans catch up quickly. In 1961, von Braun’s Saturn I rocket was successfully developed, which was the first large thrust rocket made in the United States. The thrust of the first stage rocket reached 6670 kn, exceeding the thrust of all R-7 engines. Generally speaking, Saturn-1 was very successful. It not only successfully put five spacecraft, including command module and service module, into Earth orbit in 1964-1965, but also sent some satellites related to the Apollo program and microwave survey ships between the Earth and the Moon (to prepare for the subsequent communication on the moon) to the scheduled orbit.

The three astronauts of Apollo 11 reunited in front of the lunar module that year.

　　　　　　　　NASA originally planned to use Saturn-1 to carry out four manned space flights in 1965-1966, but later it was found that the thrust of the rocket was slightly insufficient, so von Braun developed a Saturn-B rocket with stronger thrust in 1963. The thrust of its first-stage rocket was about 10% higher than that of Saturn-1, and the thrust of its second-stage rocket was more than doubled (890 kN to 400 kN). So far, the United States In addition to rocket technology, there are many cutting-edge technologies needed for landing on the moon. Let’s take a look at the preparations made by Americans on several key technologies.

　　　　　　　　The first is the technology of landing and leaving the moon.It is not easy for astronauts to land on the moon safely. On the earth, with the help of the atmosphere and the ocean, we can slow down the capsule that is about to land by parachute, and we can also land on the ocean in order to prevent the capsule from colliding with the ground. Unlike the earth, the moon has neither atmosphere nor ocean, so these methods of landing on the earth are not used on the moon. The only way is to slow down the lunar module with a reverse rocket, just like what we saw in the movie Star Wars and various science fiction films. But in reality, it is very difficult to do so, and the rocket jet speed and angle must be controlled very well.

　　　　　　　　Of course, astronauts are neither Chang ‘e nor WU GANG, so they can’t live on the moon for a long time, and they still need to leave the moon and return to Earth. At the beginning of the Apollo program, NASA proposed four return schemes.

　　　　　　　　The first plan is to take a big rocket with the lander, and the United States is the smallest.

　　　　　　　　The fourth scheme is to launch two rockets to the moon, one carrying the lunar module and the other carrying the rocket returning from the moon to the earth, and then assemble it on the moon. The disadvantage of this method is that if the trajectories of the two rockets deviate a little, the landing point of the lunar module and the returning rocket will be 180 kilometers or more, and the astronauts will not come back.

　　　　　　　　Most experts prefer the first scheme because it is simple. At that time, most experts were not sure about air docking. In fact, von Braun also supports this scheme, and has planned to design a Nova rocket (nova) larger than Saturn V to accomplish this mission. However, a scientist named John Houbolt (1919-) insisted that the total weight of lunar landing equipment should be as light as possible, and tried his best to convince most people, so experts including the Marshall Space Center led by von Braun accepted the third scheme. The Apollo program finally adopted this scheme and achieved success. American historians believe that it would not have been possible to land on the moon in the late 1960s if NASA had not finally adopted the opinions of a few people, although Americans were able to land on the moon in the end.

　　　　　　　　Of course, one of the difficulties of this plan is docking. For this reason, Apollo 9 conducted a docking test in orbit around the earth, and the test was successful. Only then did the Americans move on.

　　　　　　　　Secondly, the technology of the moon landing spacecraft..Spacecraft landing on the moon include Command and Service Module (CSM) and Lunar Module (LM). As shown in the figure below:

The three parts of Apollo 11, from left to right, are the service module, the command module and the lunar module.

　　　　　　　　The command module is the shelter for astronauts on their way back and forth. It is not only to send astronauts from the earth to the moon orbit, but also to return them, and it is also the only part that re-enters the atmosphere to send astronauts to the surface, so it has been tested the most in the Apollo program. This module is about three and a half meters in diameter, nearly four meters high and weighs 5.5 tons. The service module (SM) is connected with the command module (CM, sometimes called the space module in the news), and its diameter is similar to that of the command module, but its length is seven meters. It transports all kinds of materials needed for landing on the moon, including liquid fuel and various equipment, weighing 24 tons. The service module is connected to the command module and flies to the moon together, but it will be thrown away when the spacecraft re-enters the earth’s atmosphere. Most of the time, the service module and the command module are tested together. The part of landing on the moon includes the thrust rocket needed for landing on the moon and the rocket leaving the moon, as well as the lunar module. Although the weight of this part has been reduced as much as possible in the design, it still weighs 15 tons.

　　　　　　　　Then there is the control technology.One of the most critical technologies is the Kalman filter in automatic control. This filtering method was invented by Rudolph E. Kalman (1930-), an American Hungarian mathematician. At the beginning of this control theory put forward by Kalman, its practicability was so doubtful that he did not publish this achievement in the journal of electronic engineering and automatic control, but published it in the journal of mathematics. One day in 1960, Kalman visited Stanley Schmidt (1944-), who worked in NASA, and found that his method was very useful for solving the difficult problem of orbit prediction in Apollo program, so he taught it to Schmidt.

　　　　　　　　Finally, there is the problem of communication between the earth and the moon.The moon is 380 thousand kilometers away from our earth, nearly 10 times the circumference of the earth. Such long-distance two-way communication has never been carried out by humans before. Will the attenuation of the signal interrupt communication? In addition, it takes more than two seconds for radio waves to travel back and forth between the earth and the moon once. How to eliminate the influence of this delay on control? There are many problems that need to be tested one by one to determine. To this end, the United States launched some spacecraft to test the communication between the earth and the moon. Finally, Motorola provided intercom equipment between the moon and the earth. Unfortunately, this great company no longer exists independently today.

　　　　　　　　In the race to the moon, the former Soviet Union was far behind the United States in key technologies except rocket technology.

　　　　　　　　Of course, in the end, everything will go back to the rocket, because the total weight of several parts of the whole moon landing spacecraft exceeds 45 tons, which makes the manufacture of large thrust rockets become the bottleneck of the whole plan. Von Braun’s team needs to design a rocket with much larger thrust than Saturn-B. The previous dozens of various launch tests undoubtedly provided rich technical accumulation for their later development of new rockets. In 1967, von Braun’s masterpiece Saturn V was born.

　　　　　　　　But in January 1967, Apollo 1 had an accident before it was launched. In a ground test, the oxygen cabin exploded and the spacecraft caught fire, killing all three astronauts. The accident did not shake the determination of Americans, but helped Americans find many problems and make a lot of improvements, from the design of spacecraft to the spacesuit. Some of these improvements benefited the later Apollo 13 and avoided new tragedies. Although the Apollo program was slightly delayed, in November, Apollo IV (to commemorate the three astronauts who died, Apollo 1, 2 and 3 were vacant) was successfully launched, which was the first test of Saturn V rocket. In the following six months, the United States conducted two more experiments and tested all the links needed for landing on the moon in an unmanned state. After half a year’s preparation, from October 1968, the United States began to use manned spacecraft (Apollo VII) for simulation experiments. In just seven months, the United States conducted as many as four experiments, and 12 astronauts went into space. Among them, Apollo 8 manned the lunar orbit for the first time, and three astronauts circled the moon for 10 times. Apollo 10 tested the landing process of the spacecraft to the moon and landed at a height of only 15,000 meters from the surface of the moon, which is only slightly higher than the cruising altitude of commercial aircraft.

　　　　　　　　The next task is to land on the moon and let the astronauts set foot on the surface of the moon. For the first trip to the moon, NASA made full preparations. In the early stage, I launched many experiments and tried everything I could think of. The rest is to determine the candidate for the first moon landing mission. After many considerations, Neil A. Armstrong (1930-2012), Edwin E. Aldrin (1930-) and Michael Collins (1930-) were finally determined to perform this historic mission. Of course, to be on the safe side, NASA has also prepared a corresponding backup team. Even after selecting a three-person team, who will set foot on the moon first has become the focus of controversy among several astronauts. In training, Aldrin climbed out of the hatch first, and finally changed to Armstrong, because the design of the hatch was more convenient for him rather than Aldrin going out first. For the inside details of Apollo’s landing on the moon, readers can refer to the book Apollo-Lunar Expedition.

　　　　　　　　Soon, a glorious moment in human history came. On July 16, 1969, at the Kennedy Space Center in Cape Canaveral, Florida, Armstrong and others boarded the towering Apollo 11 spacecraft and were about to begin the human journey to the moon. The Apollo landing on the moon was televised by the United States to the whole world, and Nixon, then president, watched the live event on TV from the Oval Office of the White House. I think that if every reader can go back to that day, he will definitely sit in front of the TV and watch it. Fortunately, more than 30 years later, in the command room of Kennedy Space Center, I saw the command of Apollo 11 mission and the video of landing on the moon at the simulation site.

　　　　　　　　Ok, now please follow me to the command center. At 9: 32 am (Eastern Daylight Time), the rocket launch entered the final countdown. Astronauts and rockets are in good condition. Perhaps out of excitement or nervousness, Armstrong’s heart rate reached 110 beats per minute when the rocket was launched, which had never happened before. On the console, the display screens and lights of various instruments kept flashing, and the timer on the wall began to count down-10, 9, 8…3, 2, 1. At this time, the sound of "emission" sounded in the background. On the big screen, Saturn V ignited successfully, and the orange flame pushed the 110-meter-high behemoth to rise slowly and faster until the rocket disappeared on the screen. On the fourth day, July 19, the rocket entered the lunar orbit; On the fifth day, July 20th, Apollo 11 was ready to land on the moon. The camera switches to the image of Apollo 11 landing on the lunar surface, and there is a camera under the lunar module, which sends the blurred image of the lunar surface back to Earth. I saw the lunar module getting closer and closer to the surface of the moon and finally stopped there. This image can be seen on the website of NASA. After the lunar module landed safely on the surface of the moon, commander Armstrong returned the first words that humans said on the moon: "Houston, this is the Jinghai base. The eagle landed successfully. "

　　　　　　　　Next, Armstrong and Aldrin should sleep for five hours according to the pre-set itinerary, because they didn’t sleep much during the flight. But both of them were so excited that no one could sleep. After consulting the headquarters, they set foot on the surface of the moon in advance. On the screen of the control room, Armstrong stepped down from the lunar module and set foot on the moon. His movements were very slow. Because of the long distance and the communication technology is far less developed than today, the images and sounds sent back are intermittent, but Armstrong’s famous words can still be distinguished, "This is one small step for man, but one giant step for mankind." The recording of these seconds can be heard on the Internet.

　　　　　　　　

Aldrin is on the surface of the moon.

　　　　　　　　More than 600 million viewers around the world watched the first human step on the moon on TV. Armstrong and Aldrin put some experimental instruments on the surface of the moon and collected more than 20 kilograms of lunar rock samples. The two of them stayed on the moon for about two and a half hours, and then went back to the lunar module to sleep. Although Aldrin accidentally broke the ignition switch of the return rocket, it was near miss. They turned on the switch with a pen, and the rocket sent them to the lunar orbit to rendezvous with the control/service module, and then returned to Earth. On July 24th, the command module carrying three astronauts fell into the Pacific Ocean. The whole process from launch to safe landing on the earth’s surface is about eight days and three hours.

　　　　　　　　

Armstrong and other three astronauts spent more than ten days in the isolation cabin after returning from the moon. At that time, American President Nixon visited them in the isolation cabin at the first time and congratulated them through the glass window.

　　　　　　　　The success of Apollo’s landing on the moon is a victory for all mankind. As many as 400,000 people directly and indirectly participated in the Apollo program (Nixon’s original words). They came from different countries in the world, including many Chinese scientists. How much contribution did von Braun make in the Apollo program? NASA commented on him like this: "There is no doubt that he is the greatest rocket scientist in history. His greatest achievement was that when he was the director of the Marshall Space Flight Center of NASA, he presided over the research and development of Saturn V and successfully achieved the great cause of human landing on the moon for the first time in July 1969. " It can be said that there would be no Saturn V without von Braun. Although humans can finally land on the moon, it will not be within the time limit set by Kennedy-the 1960s.

　　　　　　　　On January 12th, 1966, korolev died of a surgical operation at the age of 59. It’s a pity that he didn’t see the successful docking of his designed spacecraft Soyuz and Salute-he had been buried underground for more than four years.

　　　　　　　　Vasily Mishin (1917-2001), korolev’s successor, did not have the influence and courage of korolev. Although he completed the development of the N1 rocket under very difficult circumstances, the rocket failed in all directions. Coupled with the constant space accidents, especially the death of astronauts, the Soviet Union’s moon landing plan failed as a whole and was finally abandoned.

　　　　　　　　In the end, Americans successfully landed on the moon many times, but the former Soviet Union did not once. The fundamental reason for this is not that korolev’s ability is not good, but that the former Soviet Union lost in its comprehensive national strength.

　　　　　　　　Without his opponent, von Braun continues to devote himself to the space industry. After Apollo 11, the United States successfully landed on the moon five times, completing a feat in human history. In 1972, after achieving the expected goal, the United States terminated the Apollo program and developed a reusable space vehicle, the space shuttle. Five years after the last Apollo spacecraft landed on the moon, von Braun also came to the end of his life. In 1977, he died of cancer. Shortly before his death, he won the National Science Award, the highest award in American science and technology, but he was unable to go to the White House to receive the award.

(This article is taken from the second volume of Light of Civilization, written by Wu Jun, People’s Posts and Telecommunications Publishing House, 2014). )

　　　　　　　　

The Central Committee of the Communist Party of China’s Proposal on Formulating the Thirteenth Five-year Plan for National Economic and Social Development (hereinafter referred to as the "Proposal") adopted by the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee puts forward that "improving the quality, efficiency and competitiveness of agriculture". China is a big agricultural country, and China’s agriculture is a big country agriculture. During the Thirteenth Five-Year Plan period, only by accelerating the development of modern agriculture and striving to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries can we provide a solid foundation and strong guarantee for the transformation and upgrading of economic development and the building of a well-off society in an all-round way. Accelerating the development of modern agriculture and striving to improve agricultural competitiveness are also the needs to cope with the profound changes in the domestic and international environment for agricultural development. Domestically, economic development has entered a new normal, showing three characteristics: speed change, structural optimization and power conversion, which requires the simultaneous development of new industrialization, informationization, urbanization and agricultural modernization. In the simultaneous development of the four modernizations, agriculture is still a short board, and it is urgent to speed up the transformation of agricultural development mode and the adjustment of agricultural structure. From an international perspective, developed countries and regions are paying more and more attention to improving agricultural competitiveness, gradually eliminating direct subsidies to agriculture by adjusting laws and policies, and instead increasing support for agricultural business entities in the market field, so as to improve their competitiveness and promote the process of agricultural marketization. Facing the changes in the development environment at home and abroad, and implementing the spirit of the Fifth Plenary Session of the 18th CPC Central Committee, we should fill in the shortcomings of agriculture as soon as possible and strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries.

Change the concept of agricultural development and pay more attention to the transformation of mode and structure.

The "Proposal" pointed out that to achieve the development goals during the "Thirteenth Five-Year Plan" period, solve development problems and cultivate development advantages, we must firmly establish the development concept of innovation, coordination, green, openness and sharing. The concept of development is the forerunner of development action. To develop modern agriculture and improve agricultural competitiveness under the new economic normal, we must firmly establish and implement the new development concept, and pay more attention to changing modes and adjusting structure.

The reason why we should pay more attention to changing the mode and adjusting the structure is because although agriculture is a traditional industry, its versatility is becoming increasingly obvious with the development of agriculture and economy and society. Modern agriculture should not only give play to traditional production functions and ensure food supply, but also give play to ecological and environmental protection, sightseeing and leisure, cultural inheritance and other functions to promote sustainable development. Only by establishing a new development concept and paying more attention to changing the mode and adjusting the structure can we accelerate the formation of a modern agricultural industrial chain pattern from field to table, form a modern agricultural industrial system with the integration of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, better lead the transformation of agricultural development mode and promote the improvement of agricultural development quality and efficiency. Therefore, we should speed up the transformation of extensive management methods that rely on resource consumption, strengthen the drive of agricultural scientific and technological innovation, and take the road of agricultural modernization with high output efficiency, product safety, resource conservation and environmental friendliness. On the basis of stabilizing grain production, we should scientifically determine the self-sufficiency level of major agricultural products, rationally arrange the development priorities of agricultural industries, give full play to the comparative advantages of various regions, industries and business models, promote the integration and interaction of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, and realize the transformation of agricultural production from production-oriented to consumption-oriented

Improve the innovation and extension system of modern agricultural science and technology and vigorously apply advanced science and technology.

The "Proposal" proposes to improve the modern agricultural science and technology innovation promotion system. At present, advanced science and technology plays an increasingly important supporting role in improving the comprehensive agricultural production capacity and overall competitiveness. In 2014, the contribution rate of agricultural science and technology progress in China has reached 56%. In the past, we put more emphasis on agricultural science and technology, such as improved varieties and good methods. Today, we propose to improve the innovation and extension system of modern agricultural science and technology and vigorously apply advanced technology, and its breadth and depth far exceed the cognitive scope of the past.

As far as biotechnology is concerned, it includes not only the traditional optimization of agricultural and livestock varieties, but also the modern biotechnology represented by transgenic technology. We should intensify technological research and development and industrialization, achieve the target requirements of high yield, high quality, high efficiency, ecology and safety, and effectively guarantee national food security and food safety. As far as equipment technology is concerned, it used to be more understood as a production tool to replace labor, but today it has become the basic production factor for developing modern agriculture, and the improvement of equipment technology level can greatly improve production efficiency and output benefit. Among them, special attention should be paid to the application of modern information technology. Modern information technologies such as agricultural Internet of Things, e-commerce, big data, cloud computing and global positioning system are playing an increasingly important leading and supporting role in agricultural production, processing and circulation. Especially the booming e-commerce will have a revolutionary impact on the circulation of agricultural products. Accordingly, to improve the modern agricultural science and technology innovation extension system, we need to think and plan from the strategic height that science and technology are the primary productive forces and important production factors, accelerate the establishment of modern agricultural science and technology innovation system, scientific and technological achievements transformation system, extension and application system, and accelerate the agricultural mechanization and informatization.

Constructing modern agricultural industrial system and optimizing the combination of resource elements

The "Proposal" pointed out that efforts should be made to build a modern agricultural industrial system. The main difference between modern agricultural industrial system and traditional agricultural industrial system is that the former focuses on forming a new factor combination mode through intensive investment and in-depth development of modern production factors such as financial capital, science and technology, organization and management, and promoting the steady improvement of total factor productivity and comprehensive quality of agricultural industry.

The role of modern agricultural industrial system in promoting agricultural competitiveness is mainly manifested in four aspects: specialization, scale, intensification and integration. First of all, specialized division of labor to improve labor productivity. According to the market demand and their own endowment, agricultural business entities focus on a certain field, variety or link that they are best at and most suitable for, and carry out specialized production and business activities, which can effectively improve labor production efficiency and business benefits. Secondly, large-scale production improves the land output rate. On the one hand, the moderate scale operation of land is convenient for arranging and utilizing land in pieces and improving the scale efficiency of agricultural production. On the other hand, connecting scattered land management entities through socialized services can transcend the boundaries between plots and families, promote the centralized investment of modern production factors such as capital, science and technology, management and equipment, and greatly form the spillover effect of scale management. Third, intensive management improves the efficiency of resource combination through the scientific, accurate, reduced and efficient utilization of various resource elements. Fourth, integrated development improves agricultural total factor productivity. In the development of modern agriculture, the absence of any factor of production will form a "short board effect". Only by building a modern agricultural industrial system, vigorously optimizing the combination of various production factors, and striving to realize the integrated development of production, processing, logistics and marketing, can agricultural competitiveness be effectively improved.

Change the mode of agricultural management and cultivate new agricultural management subjects

Agricultural management mode mainly includes two aspects: agricultural production mode and service mode, which is an important symbol of agricultural competitiveness of big countries. From the perspective of agricultural production mode, many new management modes, such as farm management, cooperative management and enterprise management, which are based on household contract management, have greatly promoted the commercialization, scale, intensification, specialization and organization of agricultural production. All kinds of new business entities have different functional orientation and comparative advantages, and have broad adaptability and development space. The interests of the main members of farm management are highly consistent, and the cost of labor supervision is low, which occupies a leading position in the production of breeding industry; Cooperative business entities organize scattered farmers, improve market bargaining position, reduce production and transaction costs, and have economies of scale in the integration and development of primary, secondary and tertiary industries, which is conducive to increasing farmers’ income; Enterprise management subjects have advanced technology and equipment, strong financing and anti-risk ability, and have obvious advantages in deep processing of agricultural products, logistics and distribution, carrying out innovative agricultural production and management activities, and improving agricultural added value.

From the perspective of agricultural service mode, various public welfare and business service organizations have flourished, and the professional, serialized and multi-level service models have been continuously innovated, initially forming an agricultural socialized service system led by government public service agencies and widely participated by multiple service subjects. In particular, some business service organizations provide services for farmers in the aspects of seed and fertilizer supply, agricultural machinery operation, production management, product sales, etc. by means of full trusteeship and semi-trusteeship, which neither changes the farmers’ contract relationship, but also ensures that the land is planted with people and the land can be planted well, showing great vitality in practice. It can be said that the agricultural management mode of "diversified business entities+whole-process socialized service" is an important path choice for China’s agricultural modernization and an important institutional innovation to adapt to China’s national conditions with a large population and a small population.

Cultivate new professional farmers and improve the quality of agricultural practitioners

The "Proposal" proposes to cultivate new professional farmers. This is an urgent need and an important support to solve the practical problem of "who will plant the land" and "how to plant the land well", improve the quality of agricultural practitioners and enhance the competitiveness of agriculture. The problem of "who will plant the land" is rooted in the weak competitiveness and low comparative income of agriculture, which is not unrelated to the non-professionalism of farmers. From the current practice and development trend, traditional farmers have lived in rural areas for generations, specializing in agricultural production, and are the basic groups that produce new professional farmers; After market experience, returning migrant workers have certain capital, technology and marketing capabilities, and are the core strength of new professional farmers; Rural junior and senior high school graduates have received systematic basic education and have strong ability to absorb and apply new knowledge and technology, which is the basic reserve of new professional farmers; The new farmers who master modern agricultural technology, have the concept of ecological agriculture and Internet thinking are the emerging groups of new professional farmers. Through targeted and classified vocational education and training, they can master their professional skills and improve their professional quality, become professional rural practical talents and management talents, and become new agricultural production subjects and service subjects to meet the requirements of modern agricultural development.

Grasp the national conditions in depth and give play to the comparative advantages of agriculture.

Compared with the United States, Canada, Australia and other countries with abundant agricultural resources, China’s total agricultural resources are insufficient and per capita resources are scarce. However, from the perspective of comparative advantage, there are many types of agricultural resources in China and other relative advantages, which have the conditions to improve agricultural competitiveness by giving full play to comparative advantages.

Generally speaking, China’s agricultural comparative advantages are mainly manifested in three aspects: First, comparative resource advantages. China has a vast territory, rich landforms, diverse climate, various types of agricultural resources and obvious characteristics of species diversity. For example, China’s higher plant species account for 10% of the world’s total, and mammal species account for 13%, both of which rank among the top in the world. We should make full use of this unique advantage of agricultural comparative resources. The second is comparative industrial advantages. The variety of agricultural resources in China determines the diversity of agricultural industrial structure in various places. All localities should base themselves on comparative advantages, develop different industries selectively and emphatically, and promote the formation of a modern agricultural industrial pattern with appropriate division of labor, reasonable layout and balanced total output throughout the country. The third is comparative competitive advantage. Compared with the United States, Canada and other countries, China is relatively competitive in non-resource products such as gardening and animal husbandry. Compared with Japan and South Korea, China is absolutely competitive in grain production. Giving full play to the comparative advantage of agriculture is to transform resource advantage into industrial advantage and industrial advantage into competitive advantage as soon as possible, and strive to improve the agricultural competitiveness of China’s big countries. (Zhang Hongyu)

The incidence of malignant tumor is increasing year by year, which has become a common problem faced by human beings. Traditional treatment methods such as surgery, traditional chemotherapy and radiotherapy have always played a leading role in cancer treatment, but the effects of these treatments are limited. In particular, it is difficult for advanced patients to benefit from these treatments for a long time, nor can they fundamentally solve or change their quality of life. Therefore, researchers are increasingly focusing on the field of immunotherapy. Immunotherapy has brought new opportunities and hopes for the treatment of tumors, among which Immunocheckpoint inhibitors, therapeutic antibodies, tumor vaccines, immunomodulators, adoptive cell therapy, etc. Significantly improved the prognosis of cancer patients, and some patients with advanced cancer obtained long-term survival. In the past two years, many cellular immunotherapy have emerged and developed rapidly, which undoubtedly set off a wave of cancer treatment. So, is cell therapy reliable in treating cancer? In fact, immunotherapy has a history of more than 100 years, and it has only gradually entered the public’s field of vision in the last two years, and it has been absolutely recognized by the world oncology community. 　　

　　

A milestone in the history of cancer immunotherapy In 2013, Science magazine ranked the top ten scientific breakthroughs of the year, and immunotherapy topped the list. In recent years, immunotherapy is one of the hot spots in the research field of tumor treatment at home and abroad, and a large number of clinical studies have shown exciting results. Among them, Cellular immunotherapy uses the self-protection and killing ability of human immune system to achieve anti-tumor effect. Cells with immune function in patients are cultured and proliferated in vitro, and they are given the ability to attack tumor cells by technical means, and then they are imported into patients to realize their own anti-cancer. This therapyAgainst immune cells, not cancer cells.It is not as harmful to the patient’s health as surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy. Patients with early cancer can be treated directly, especially with the attack on residual cancer cells after surgery. Judging from the rapid development in scientific research and clinic in recent years, cellular immunotherapy is expected to become the fourth pillar of anticancer therapy in terms of accuracy, effectiveness and safety. Next, the small series of Cancer-free Home gives a general introduction and inventory of a variety of popular and emerging cellular immunotherapy in the biomedical industry, hoping to give cancer friends a general understanding of the general development process of this cancer treatment field.　

0one　　CAR-T cell therapy

CAR-T therapy is chimeric antigen receptor T cell immunotherapy, which is a new precise targeted therapy for treating tumors. T cells are activated by genetic engineering technology, and the positioning navigation device CAR (tumor chimeric antigen receptor) is installed to transform the ordinary "warrior" of T cells into "super warrior" CAR-T cells, Specially identify tumor cells in vivo and kill tumor cells efficiently. So as to achieve the purpose of treating malignant tumors. At present, with 2021, Aquilencel injection, Regioscel injection. It was approved for listing in China, in 2022.Cedarchiorense was approved for listing by FDA.CAR-T therapy is expected to enter the blowout period. Indeed, CAR-T technology has shown good curative effect in many hematological tumors, such as leukemia, lymphoma and multiple myeloma, and more than half of hematologic cancer patients who are on the verge of despair and have no cure have achieved good curative effect. 　

CAR-T cell therapy has been listed at home and abroad at present.

Although the clinical effect of CAR-T therapy on solid tumors is not satisfactory, and it has even been sung down by some people, in recent years, CAR-T therapy has made outstanding progress in the fields of gastric cancer, liver cancer and pancreatic cancer. Scholars at home and abroad have made various modifications to CAR-T, and constantly found new targets for the treatment of various solid tumors. 　 　

Clinical study on CAR-T therapy is out of the loop.

0one Gastric cancer and pancreatic cancer As the first CAR-T cell targeting Claudin18.2 in the world, CT041 emerged as early as the ASCO annual meeting in 2019. At that time, the total objective remission rate was 33.3%, which already surprised the world. Now the more remarkable curative effect is undoubtedly the icing on the cake! This clinical data shows a good treatment prospect for digestive system tumors!

Domestic CAR-T therapy CT041 first appeared in ESMO

Developed by Keji Pharmaceutical at the annual meeting of the European Society of Oncology (ESMO) in 2021.Targeting Claudin18.2(CLDN18.2)Autologous CAR-T candidate productsCT041Showing its presenceDigestive system tumorThe outstanding curative effect can be described as brilliant!

The research data is particularly eye-catching!

1.　All patients’The objective remission rate was 48.6%, and the disease control rate was 73%.All patients with gastric cancerThe total objective remission rate was 57.1%.

2.　Patients with gastric cancer who failed to receive at least 2 lines of treatment in the past:The objective remission rate was 61.1%, and the disease control rate was 83.3%.

3. And the overall tolerance is good!

As of March 3, 2022,CT041 became the first and only CAR-T cell candidate product in the world for the treatment of solid tumors, which entered the confirmatory phase II clinical trial.This is a milestone for CAR-T to conquer the solid tumor field. Congratulations!

In addition, there are many CAR-T cell therapies targeting CLDN18.2.0 2 liver cancer At present, the clinical trial targets of CAR-T in the treatment of liver cancer are mainlyGPC3 (phosphatidylinositol proteoglycan 3). The breakthrough research results completed by Professor Zhai Bo, director of the Department of Tumor Interventions, Renji Hospital affiliated to Shanghai Jiaotong University School of Medicine, were published in the international authoritative journal Clinical Cancer Research on May 5, 2020. By July 24th, 2019, 13 patients had received CAR-GPC3 T cells with a median value of 19.9×108. All the patients are GPC3 positive, and they have received surgical treatment, local treatment or systemic treatment, and they all carry hepatitis B virus (HBV). Two patients achieved partial remission (PR). The 6-month, 1-year and 3-year survival rates of all patients were 50.3%, 42.0% and 10.5% respectively, and the median survival time (OS) was 278 days (39.7 weeks). At the ASCO annual meeting in 2021, Chinese medical researchers published the latest clinical research data of CAR-T drug targeting GPC3 (Ori-CAR-001) in the treatment of recurrent/refractory hepatocellular carcinoma for the first time. As of March 10, 2021, a total of 11 recurrent subjects who received cell infusion were included.All the subjects had advanced hepatocellular carcinoma, and none of them were effective after chemotherapy, TACE (transcatheter arterial chemoembolization) and targeted therapy.Of the 9 evaluable subjects,4 cases achieved partial remission (PR), 3 cases achieved disease stability (SD) and 2 cases developed disease progression (PD).The objective remission rate was 44%, and the disease control rate reached 78%..　

02　　Treatment of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL)

TILs therapy, simply speaking, is to separate and purify the lymphocytes in the tumor tissue after surgery, select the lymphocytes that can specifically resist cancer, and then amplify and activate them and reinfusion them. This kind of therapy has a history of more than 30 years, and it was first used for malignant melanoma. In recent years, it has given good data in many solid tumors such as cervical cancer and lung cancer.

This therapy is equivalent to pulling back veterans with combat experience directly from the battlefield. After a round of "political review" and "big competition" in professional ability, the spies and traitors are eliminated as far as possible, leaving the ones with the strongest fighting capacity, providing supplies, and then sending them back to the battlefield to continue fighting. Looking at the whole industry, the voice of "innovative therapy based on Tiles cells LN-144 (Lifelecel) is expected to be approved in 2022" is particularly loud. Tiles therapy, as an "ancient" cell therapy, is expected to usher in the first approved product this year, and its great potential in treating solid tumors can not be underestimated, with strong strength and relatively "out of the circle". TILs domain key node event 　 　 In 1982 　

Steven A.Rosenberg and others discovered for the first time that TILs can inhibit the metastasis of melanoma cells in patients.

　 1988 　

The earliest attempt of TILs in clinical treatment: TILs therapy for metastatic melanoma achieved an objective remission rate of 60%.

　 In 2011 　

Steven A.Rosenberg and others published a phase II clinical research data in Clinical Cancer Research: the objective remission rate (ORR) and complete remission rate (CR) of patients with melanoma treated by TILs were 56% and 24% respectively.

　 In 2012 　

Melinda Bachini, a patient with advanced intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma, is called the first patient to achieve complete remission (CR) after TILs therapy.

　 2019 　

At the ASCO meeting, the clinical results of innovative therapies LN-145 and LN-144(Lifileucel) based on TILS cells in the treatment of cervical cancer and melanoma have attracted wide attention in the medical field.FDA awarded LN-145 breakthrough therapy recognition.

　 In 2021 　

Phase I clinical results of TILs cell therapy at AACR meeting: among 12 evaluable patients.Non-small cell lung cancer patientsMedium,TIL therapy can achieve a total remission rate of 25%, among whichTwo patients achieved lasting complete remission.

　 In 2021 　

At the annual meeting of tumor immunotherapy association (SITC), the clinical research results of LN-145 in the treatment of metastatic non-small cell lung cancer (mNSCLC) showed that in 28 cases,In patients with recurrent/refractory mNSCLC,After LN-145 monotherapy,The overall remission rate (ORR) was 21.4%(1 case of CR and 5 cases of PR, including 2 cases of PD-L1 negative tumors), 12 cases were stable, and the disease control rate (DCR) was 64.3%.

03　　TCR-T therapy

CAR-T cells and TCR-T cells belong to T cells modified by genetic engineering technology.Compared with CAR-T therapy, TCR-T therapy has unique advantages in the field of solid tumor treatment. TCR-T cell therapy can identify tumor-specific antigens from cell membrane surface or intracellular sources, and has entered clinical application from the initial basic immune research, showing initial efficacy in solid tumors, and has become the most likely T cell immunotherapy to make a breakthrough in the field of solid tumors!　

1、 TCR-T cell therapy in China has been approved for clinical use and has become a potential new therapy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma!

At present, in addition to the global TCR-T in full swing in the research and development and clinical verification stage, China is also constantly breaking through innovation.

On December 22nd, 2021, CDE (Drug Evaluation Center) official website was able to inquire about the clinical application of "SCG101 Autologous T Cell Injection", which is a TCR-T cell therapy for specific hepatitis B virus (HBV) epitopes and a potential new therapy for HBV-related hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).

▲ Image source: CDE official website

2、 Advanced liver cancer ushered in a new dawn! TCR-T therapy makes cancer patients completely relieved.

As early as 2020 International Hepatology Conference (ILC), ADP-A2AFP, a new TCR-T therapy for liver cancer based on T cells, caused quite a stir, and also made a new breakthrough in the new therapy for liver cancer.

Among the included patients,One patient showed a complete remission (CR) in cancer progression, and the AFP of the other participants also decreased to varying degrees.This means that the experiment has made progress, and it also shows that this therapy is effective for the treatment of advanced liver cancer.

　 　 　 　 　 　 　

All the 9 patients involved had undergone surgery and conventional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, but failed or became intolerant. Among the 4 patients who received the highest dose of treatment,One patient achieved complete remission, and CT scan showed that all the lesions in the patient disappeared, and it has lasted for more than half a year without any recurrence!

The best response of other patients (cohort 1, cohort 2) is stable. 1 patient in queue 2After one month of treatment, the volume of the primary lesion did not decrease, but the volume of mediastinal lymph node metastasis decreased obviously!　 　 　 　

Therefore, TCR-T therapy targeting AFP (alpha-fetoprotein) can kill tumor cells expressing AFP. Based on the positive results of this study, researchers are expected to expand the maximum dose to 5 billion cells, and we look forward to the publication of updated data of this study!

04　　CAR-NK therapy

In recent two years, in addition to CAR-T therapy, another new cancer cell therapy- Natural killer (NK) cell therapy It has also gradually attracted attention. The researchers said, NK cell As a cell anticancer therapy, it has more potential, and it may be safer, cheaper and faster. CAR-NK is to add a chimeric antibody to NK cells by genetic engineering that can recognize tumor cells and activate NK cells to kill tumor cells at the same time.　

one 　 The first "spot" CAR-NK clinical trial in China was approved by the Food and Drug Administration. On November 11, 2021, National Medical Products Administration Drug Evaluation Center passed an independent research and development in China. Mesothelin (MSLN) chimeric antigen receptor NK cells (CAR-NK) injection for the treatment of advanced epithelial ovarian cancer. Application for clinical trial of CAR-NK injection. According to the cancer-free home, This product is the first "spot" CAR-NK product of foreign origin in China. This also marks a new milestone in the research of immune cell drugs in the treatment of solid tumors in China!　

2　　The 1-year survival rate doubled, and the curative effect of CAR-NK therapy in solid tumor increased sharply.

Recently, the journal Clinical Oncology Research published a phase II clinical trial for lung cancer. Heat shock protein 70(Hsp70) is highly expressed in about 70% of middle and advanced lung cancer. NK cells are activated by Hsp70 in vitro, which is equivalent to making NK cells meet their future enemies in vitro, "making enemies" first, and then returning them to patients, so that NK cells can formally fight with cancer cells in vivo. This method of stimulating NK cells with antigen peptides in vitro and giving them certain specificity is a hot topic in recent years.

A total of 16 patients with stage III non-small cell lung cancer were enrolled in this clinical trial. One group received traditional chemotherapy combined with radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and the other group received chemotherapy combined with Hsp70 pre-stimulated NK cell reinfusion.

The results show that:The one-year survival rate can be doubled from 33% to 67% by Hsp70 pre-stimulated NK cell reinfusion therapy combined with traditional radiotherapy and chemotherapy, and the preliminary results are encouraging.

Next, Xiaobian shows a typical successful case in combination therapy, as shown in the figure:After 1~2 months of treatment, the lung tumor completely disappeared and the curative effect has been maintained for 18 months.

　 　　

In addition to the above-mentioned clinical studies at home and abroad, CAR-NK cells also have a good effect on glioblastoma and neuroblastoma, specifically recognizing and killing breast cancer cells with high efficiency, and have a remarkable effect on multiple myeloma.

05　　Dendritic cell vaccine

Cancer vaccine is a form of immunotherapy, which can prevent cancer from developing or kill existing tumors by stimulating or restoring the human immune system. Dendritic cell (DC) vaccine is a new biological therapy for malignant tumor in recent years, which has been paid more and more attention and recognized by oncologists. As an important member of the human immune defense system, Dendritic cells have the strongest antigen presenting function and are known as "sentinels" of the immune system. It is named because its cells extend outward with many dendritic protrusions. It mainly uses modern high-tech biotechnology to collect the peripheral blood of tumor patients, induce and cultivate a large number of dendritic cells in a short time in vitro, and equip them with immune cells that patients do not have, so as to accurately "target" and kill cancer cells. Not only that, It can also induce immune memory in patients, so that patients can obtain long-term anti-cancer effect.

DCVAC/LuCa is a dendritic cell vaccine developed by the United States for patients with non-small cell lung cancer.In a study on the first-line treatment of advanced lung cancer announced at the ASCO conference in 2019, DCVAC/LuCa vaccine combined with chemotherapy groupThe objective remission rate is 45%,The median overall survival time was 15.5 months, and the median progression-free survival time was 6.74 months.Reduce the risk of death by 46%!

In the Phase II clinical study of the latest novel dendritic cell vaccine DCVAC/LuCa (lung cancer dendritic cell vaccine) combined with standard carboplatin/pemetrexed in the treatment of advanced non-squamous cell (nsq) non-small cell lung cancer in 2022,The 1-year survival rate was 72.73% and the 2-year survival rate was 52.57%.By the time the data was published, the median overall survival time had not been reached. The median progression-free survival time was 8.0 months, and the objective remission rate was 31.82%.

　 Prostate cancer-Provenge vaccine 　

Provenge is the first vaccine approved for treatment in the United States, which initiated a new era of cancer immunotherapy.This is an autologous cell immunotherapy, which was approved by FDA on April 29, 2010 to treat asymptomatic or mild mCRPC. This approval marks the success of 20 years of unremitting efforts.In the United States, Provenge is the only FDA-approved immunotherapy for prostate cancer made from patients’ own immune cells.

　 Ovarian cancer-dcvac/ovca vaccine 　

At the 50th annual meeting of the Society of Gynecological Oncology (SGO) in 2019, the final result of SOV02, a phase II clinical trial, was announced: DCVAC/OvCa, an immunotherapy based on dendritic cells, was added to standard carboplatin and gemcitabine schemes for patients with recurrent, platinum-sensitive and epithelial ovarian cancer.It can prolong the overall survival (OS) of patients with advanced recurrent ovarian cancer by more than one year.andDCVAC/OvCa reduced the death risk of second-line treatment of ovarian cancer by 62%. The overall survival (OS) increased significantly by 13.4 months. The median progression-free survival rate (mPFS) increased by 1.8 months. The global phase III study will be launched soon.

Melanoma-TLPLDC vaccine

The subgroup analysis results of the phase IIb clinical trial of TLPLDC vaccine in the treatment of melanoma were published at the ASCO-SITC Clinical Immunooncology Conference in 2020.

In that population analysis follow the clinical research protocol (PT), compared with the comfort unit,The 24-month disease-free survival rate in TLPLDC treatment group was significantly improved (62.9% vs 34.8%), indicating that the relative risk of disease recurrence was reduced by nearly 50%.

In the population analysis of Intentional Treatment (ITT),There was no significant improvement in 24-month disease-free survival between TLPLDC treatment group and placebo group (38.5%)　vs　27%），But in this analysis,The improvement trend of 24-month overall survival rate (OS) was stronger (86.4% vs 75.1%)..

　 Kidney Cancer-Ilixadencel Vaccine 　

Ilixadencel is an allogeneic dendritic cell (DC) vaccine. Research shows that,Ilixadencel combined with targeted anticancer drug sunitinib(Sotan, common name: sunitinib)First-line treatment of newly diagnosed advanced metastatic renal cell carcinoma（mRCC）Compared with patients treated with sunitinib alone, the total remission rate is doubled, the complete remission rate is higher and the remission is more lasting!

　 Glioblastoma-AV-GBM-1 vaccine 　 On June 8, 2021, well-known foreign biomedical companies announced the release of phase II clinical trial data of their personalized cancer vaccine AV-GBM-1. The research shows that this new vaccine has great potential for prolonging the overall survival of newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients in the medium term. The median progression-free survival time of patients was 10.4 months, which was about 50% higher than the median progression-free survival time of 6.9 months in the landmark STUPP study, and established a nursing standard for newly diagnosed glioblastoma patients. 　 　 Non-small cell lung cancer-tedopi vaccine 　

On April 1st, 2020, a new anti-cancer vaccine, TEDPI, achieved positive results in the phase III clinical trial of non-small cell lung cancer. After the immune checkpoint inhibitor (PD-1) was resistant or failed, all patients in the group used TEDPI vaccine in the second or third line, and the overall survival rate for one year reached 46%, far exceeding the preset 25%!

A 54-year-old patient with advanced lung cancer has rapidly shrunk (from 39mm to 23mm) after five injections of the new lung cancer vaccine. At the time of reporting, his survival time has exceeded 20.6 months, and he is still being followed up.

06　　CIK cell therapy

　 CIK cells, that is, Cytokine-Induced Killer (CIK), are a new type of immunocompetent cells, which have strong proliferative ability and cytotoxicity, and have certain immune characteristics. Because this cell expresses both CD3 and CD56 membrane protein molecules, it is also called NK cell (natural killer cell)-like T lymphocyte, which has both the strong anti-tumor activity of T lymphocyte and the non-MHC-limited anti-tumor advantage of NK cell. If NK cells are the "first line of defense" to protect human health, then CIK cells are undoubtedly the "precision missiles" to kill tumor cells. Especially for patients after surgery or radiotherapy and chemotherapy, it can eliminate residual tiny metastatic lesions, prevent cancer cells from spreading and recurring, and improve immunity. Therefore, CIK cells are considered as the first choice for a new generation of adoptive cellular immunotherapy for tumors. Research progress of representative CIK cell therapy 　 　　

nasal pharyngeal cancer 　

Among 137 patients with nasopharyngeal carcinoma treated by CIK, 50% of them improved their survival time by 6-9 months, and among 137 patients treated by CIK, 50% of them delayed their tumor progression by 6-7 months.

　 liver cancer 　

Among the 819 patients with liver cancer treated by CIK, 50% of them improved their survival time by 13~25 months, and among the 819 patients treated by CIK, 50% of them delayed their tumor progression by 4~7 months.

　 ovarian cancer 　

Among 72 patients with ovarian cancer treated by CIK, 50% of them have improved their survival time by 24 months. Among 72 cases of ovarian cancer treated by CIK, 50% of ovarian cancer patients delayed their tumor progression by 14.5 months.

　

carcinoma of colon

Among 126 patients with colon cancer treated by CIK, 50% of them have a longer survival time of 30 months. Among 126 patients with colon cancer treated by CIK, 50% of them delayed their tumor progression by 14.5 months.

　 breast cancer 　

The probability that the survival time of 150 breast cancer patients treated with CIK can reach 5 years is increased to 85.7%; The probability of keeping breast cancer from recurring in 150 breast cancer patients treated with CIK within 5 years increased to 72.3%.

　 Solid tumor 　

Of the 31 patients treated with PD-1 antibody combined with DC-CIK, 2 patients’ tumors completely subsided and 5 patients’ tumors partially subsided. Of the above 7 patients, 6 patients’ effects can be maintained for 5 months. The tumors of the other 13 patients remained stable.

　 renal carcinoma 　

Among 43 patients with advanced renal cell carcinoma treated by CIK, 50% of them can delay the tumor progression to 14.7 months.

07　　CAR-M therapy　

In recent years, the study of macrophages has also been paid attention to by the industry. How to activate the anti-tumor activity of these macrophages is the direction that immunologists have been working hard. CD47, an immune checkpoint on macrophages, has become a very promising hot target in the field of tumor immunotherapy.

In a recent study published in Nature Biotechnology, researchers from perelman Medical College of the University of Pennsylvania and other research institutions may have an alternative to T cell therapy to overcome these challenges. Their research shows that genetic modification of macrophages (an immune cell that devours intruders in vivo) may be the key to developing effective cell therapy for solid tumors. They were able to confirm these genetically modified expressions. The macrophages of CAR (CAR-M) can kill tumors in human samples and mouse models in the laboratory and prolong their life.　 　

　　

CAR-M therapy is centered on macrophages, which devour invading cells instead of destroying them like T cells. T cells are more like Space Invaders games, while macrophages are more like Pac-Man games. Another major difference between macrophages and T cells is that they are the first responders of the body to virus infection. Historically, this poses a challenge in trying to genetically modify them to attack cancer, because macrophages are not easily transfected by standard viral vectors used in gene therapy and cell therapy.

In this experiment, the research team used genetic engineering technology to transform macrophages. They not only expressed CAR targeting HER2 antigen, but also were activated and differentiated into M1 macrophage types that promoted inflammation. In this way,These CAR-M cells can not only target tumor cells, but also change the microenvironment near tumors by secreting pro-inflammatory cytokines. They can also present tumor antigens to T cells and activate T cells’ immune response to tumors, which can be described as "killing three birds with one stone".

On March 18th, 2021, Carisma Company of the United States announced the completion of the first drug delivery to the subjects of CAR-M therapy (CT-0508) targeting Her2, marking a new era of CAR-M transformation therapy for solid tumors. In a word, taking macrophages as effector cells transformed by CAR is expected to reverse the tumor inhibitory microenvironment, so as to break through the obstacles of immune cell therapy in solid tumors.　

08　　CTL (cytotoxic T lymphocyte) therapy

What cell therapy can be used as an adjuvant therapy for the majority of patients with inoperable advanced cancer? In recent years, researchers have been developing new immunotherapy schemes for these patients, including CTL(cytotoxic T lymphocytes) technology. This technology mainly uses protein, which is unique to cancer cells and has no or low content in normal cells, as bait to select the truly anticancer lymphocytes in peripheral blood, and then further improve and amplify them in vitro, and then return them to patients. MTCA-CTL immunotherapy is a new generation of biological immunotherapy model introduced in China. While ensuring the expansion of non-MHC-restricted killer NK-T cells, directional expansion of HC-restricted CD8＋+specific CTL cells can make its proportion in cell products reach 60% ~ 70%. The combined effect of this killer cell makes the efficiency of killing tumor cells higher. 　

At present, the multi-target compound antigen peptide biological immunotherapy technology, which is undergoing the second phase of clinical trials in the Cancer Hospital of China Academy of Medical Sciences, is the fifth and brand-new generation of cellular immunotherapy technology, which can optimize the activation method of DC (dendritic cells) to enhance the killing effect of immune cells on tumor cells. At present, it has achieved good clinical results and I believe it will really benefit cancer patients.

【Mainly suitable for solid tumors.】Head and neck tumor, esophageal cancer, lung cancer, gastric cancer, breast cancer, liver cancer, membranous adenocarcinoma, colorectal cancer, ovarian cancer, uterine cancer, coma cancer, prostate cancer, malignant melanoma, sarcoma and partial malignant lymphoma.

If economic conditions permit and you want to consult MTCA-CTL therapy, you can contact.Cancer-free Home Medical Department (400-626-9916), a detailed assessment of the condition.

09　　CAR-NKT therapy

　 Natural killer T cells (NKT) are a group of special T cell subsets that express both T cell receptors (TCR) and NK cell receptors on the cell surface, and can produce a large number of cytokines. Such as IL-4 and INFγ. These cells can not only directly dissolve and kill tumor cells, but also play an anti-tumor role through indirect ways (secreted cytokines, activated immune cells, etc.). Recently, a phase I clinical trial jointly conducted by Baylor Medical College in Houston and Texas Children’s Hospital is evaluating a new treatment for children with recurrent neuroblastoma –CAR-NKT cell therapy is expected to break through this bottleneck. Phase I trial, code-named GINAKIT2, used CAR-NKT cells for the first time to treat recurrent neuroblastoma. Eleven children (1~21 years old, with an average age of 7 years old) were all recurrent/refractory high-risk neuroblastoma, with extensive metastasis and no better treatment plan in clinic. The results are very encouraging: Of the 11 advanced patients, The condition of 4 patients was stable, 2 patients achieved partial remission (tumor was obviously reduced), and one of them had complete remission (CR) after receiving the second CAR-NKT cell infusion. In safety, CAR-NKT is safer than CAR-T therapy. No dose-limiting toxicity was observed in the first 28 days after infusion.　

10　　Compound immune cell therapy

This technology will alsoSix kinds of cells, such as γδT cells, NK cells, NKT cells, killer T cells, dendritic cells and helper T cells.Activate, multiply 10 million to 20 million cells to 2 billion to 5 billion cells, and then inject them into patients. Cultivating such important immune cells at the same time greatly improves the therapeutic effect compared with single treatment.

Except for some leukemia and malignant lymphoma,It can be used for the treatment of most cancers, and has a good effect in refractory cancer types and advanced cancers. Besides,Compound immune cells also play a great role in improving immunity and strengthening the body.

Xiaobian has something to say

In recent years, due to the development of medical level, new cancer treatment methods have appeared one after another, among which cellular immunotherapy is in full swing, which brings new hope to cancer patients. According to the latest statistics, compared with patients with advanced lung cancer, gastric cancer and liver cancer who only receive surgery, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, adjuvant cellular immunotherapy can prolong the survival time of patients and significantly improve the data effect. In fact, tumor treatment is actually a complex "project", and it is difficult to achieve good results by relying solely on a certain treatment method. Tumor treatment needs the cooperation of various treatment methods to achieve the final victory in the fight against cancer.　

Hinako Sakurai starred in the Japanese TV series Bathing Girl.

People’s Daily Online, Tokyo, July 1st According to the report of Japanese channel comprehensive Japanese fashion entertainment website Modelpress, the Japanese drama "Bathing Girl" will be broadcast on July 15th in the Japanese drama Paravi column of Tokyo TV Station, which will be broadcast at 12: 58 every Wednesday night, starring actress Hinako Sakurai.

The drama tells the story of a female white-collar worker who loves to take a bath at home, Hayashi Nobuyoko, challenging all kinds of bathing methods, looking for "what is the best bathing method" and showing a bathing-centered lifestyle.

Now, influenced by the COVID-19 epidemic, the whole country advocates a new way of life, and the time for people to stay in their own homes is bound to increase. This drama is a series that can be operated in such a home time, with the theme of enjoying a bath. The play is adapted from the comic book of the same name of Shan Hao, which was serialized in the Weekly Big-comics Spirits from 2015 to 2016, and published three volumes of singles. It is a new comic book with the theme of bathing experience.

Sakurai plays the hero, Hayashi Nobuyoko. This is the first time Sakurai has appeared and starred in a TV series of Tokyo TV. Sakurai, who has read the original work, said: "I feel the same way about the comic book, and there are new discoveries. This work expands the possibility of taking a bath and is very interesting. Now because of the COVID-19 epidemic, everyone is looking for a reasonable way to use home time. I think this work is undoubtedly a very meaningful work. "

Screenwriters are Yosuke Masachi, who has been in charge of many late-night TV dramas of Tokyo TV, such as Renting People Who Do Nothing, Death Camp, and Yukori Nakamura, who has written TV dramas such as Metropolitan Police Department Search for a Section Chief and Nepenthes Dream. Directed by Jun’ichi Ishikawa, his main works include TV series Legal High, FRAGILE, movies April Fool’s Day, Love Swing and so on.

The play will premiere exclusively on the video website "Paravi". (Compile: Xue Yixiang Proofreading: Chen Jianjun) (Source:Modelpress)

(Copyright statement: This article is the content of the Japanese entertainment fashion website Modelpress exclusively authorized by People’s Daily Japan Channel. It is forbidden for any organization to use the content and pictures of the article in any form, including but not limited to reprinting and adaptation. )